Lecture 11

Lecture 11 Design
Reinforced Beams
June 25, 2003
RC 444
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27/04/17 wood4657@gmail.com 1
Lecture Goals
Design of Doubly Reinforced
Beams
Known section dimensions
Unknown section dimensions
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Doubly Reinforced Beams
Design Procedure when section
dimensions are known
1 Calculate controlling value for the
design moment, Mu.
2 Calculate d, since h is known

d h 2.5 in. For one layer of reinforcement.
d h 3.5 in. For two layers of reinforcement.
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3 Estimate a c/d value, which will cause a

strain, t >0.005 and find the area As1
for a singly reinforced section. Compute
c from d
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4 Find nominal moment capacity provided
by As1
0.85 f c ba
As1
fy
a1
M f1 As1 f y d
2
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dimensions
5 Find nominal are known
moment capacity that
must be provided by the web.
Mu
M M f1

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dimensions areMknown
M u M f1

If M 0 , compression steel is not
required to resist Mu /
If M 0 , go to step 6.
Note:Use 0.9 for flexure without
axial load, which will be
dependent on the strain in the
tension steel. (ACI 318-02 Sec.
27/04/17
9.3) wood4657@yahoo.es
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6 Determine As required to resist M
(assume s y)
M
As req'd
d d f y
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7 Calculate total tension reinforcement
required.
As req'd As1 As req'd
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8 Select reinforcing bars so As(provided)
As As(reqd). Confirm that the
As(reqd) and
bars will fit within the cross section.
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9 Confirm that s y. If not go back to
step 6 and substitute fs = Es s for fy to
get correct value of As(reqd)
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10 Calculate the actual Mn for the
section dimensions and
Check
reinforcement selected.
strength, Mn Mu. (keep
overdesign within 10 % )
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11 Check whether provided is
within allowable limits.
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Dimensions)
Doubly reinforced beam with known dimensions,
fc = 3000 psi & fy = 50 ksi.
Using estimated values h = 22 in. , b =10 in.
Max + Mu = 265 k-ft
Use a double layer at the bottom of the beam
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Assume that the tension steel has exceed >0.005.
Dimensions) t
Calculate d for the beam. Assume that the beam will
need a double layer of steel.
d h 3.5 in.
d 22 in. 3.5 in. 18.5 in.
d 2.5 in.
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Select a k factor (c/d), which will cause the tension
Dimensions)
steel to yield.
c
0.375
d
Select c/d = 0.325

c
0.325 c 0.325d 0.325 18.5 in. 6.01 in.
d
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Dimensions)
Design the beam as a single reinforced beam with
a 1c 0.85 6.01 in. 5.11 in.
Use equilibrium to find the As1
C T
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Dimensions)
Use equilibrium to find the A s1
C T
0.85 f cba
0.85 f cba As1 f y As1
fy
0.85 3 ksi 10 in. 5.11 in.
As1 2.61 in 2
50 ksi
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Dimensions)
Calculate the M for a singly reinforced beam:
n1
a
M n1 As1 f y d
2
5.11 in.
2.61 in 50 ksi 18.5 in.
2

2
2078 k-in.
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Calculate the residual M needed to find the A for
Dimensions)
the beam:
n2 s
M N M n1 M n2 M n2 M N M n1
MU
M n2 M n1

Assume 0.9 and MU = 265 k-ft
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Calculate the residual M needed to find the A for
Dimensions)
the beam:
n s
MU
M n2 M n1

12 in.
265 k-ft
ft
2078 k-in.
0.9
1422 k-in.
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Check to see if the compression steel has yielded
Dimensions)
c d 6.01 in. 2.5 in.

s cu 0.003
c 6.01 in.
0.00175
fy50 ksi
y 0.00172
E s 29000 ksi
Compression steel has
0.00175 0.00172
yielded!
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Dimensions)
Compute the As for the compression steel.
M n2
M n2 As f y d d As
f y d d
1422 k-in
As
50 ksi 18.5 in. 2.5 in.
1.78 in 2
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Determine the total steel for the tension zone.
Dimensions)
As As1 As
2.61 in 1.78 in
2 2
4.39 in 2
Select the bars so that the areas are greater than the
required compression steel and tension steel.
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Select 6 #8 bars (0.79 in ) for the tension steel, and 3 #7
2
Dimensions)
bars (0.6 in ) for the compression steel.
2
As 6 0.79 in 2 4.74 in 2
As 3 0.60 in 1.80 in
2 2
The tension steel 4.74 in2 - 1.80 in2 = 2.94 in2 > 2.61 in2
The compression steel 1.80 in2 > 1.78 in2
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Check the
Dimensions)
As 4.74 in 2
0.0256
bd 10 in. 18.5 in.
As 1.80 in 2
0.00973
bd 10 in. 18.5 in.
0.0256 0.00973 0.01587
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and
Dimensions)
minimum
1 0.85 f c d 87000
'

d f y 87000 f
y
0.85 0.85 3 ksi 2.5 in. 87
0.01377

50 ksi 18.5 in.
87 50
0.01587 0.01377 Compression steel has yielded.
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Compute the a values
Dimensions)
A A f
s s y 4.74 in 2
1.80 in 2
50 ksi
a
0.85 f cb 0.85 3 ksi 10 in.
a 5.76 in.
a 5.76 in.
c 6.78 in.
1 0.85
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Compute the k value and compare
Dimensions)
c 6.78 in.
k 0.366 0.375
d 18.5 in.
The tension steel will be in the tension controlled zone.
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Another check is compute the strain in the two steels
Dimensions)
d c 18.5 in. 6.78 in.
t cu 0.003
c 6.78 in.
0.00519 0.005
The compression steel
c d 6.78 in. 2.5 in.

s cu 0.003
c 6.78 in.
0.00189 0.00172
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam
Dimensions)
a

M N As f y As f s d As f s d d

2

4.74 in 1.80 in 50 ksi 18.5 in.
2 2 5.76 in.

2
1.80 in 2 50 ksi 18.5 in. 2.5 in.
3736.1 k - in.
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Compute the moment capacity of the beam
Dimensions)
MU MN
0.9 3736.1 k - in.
3362.5 k - in. 280.2 k - ft.
280.2 k - ft. 265 k - ft. OK!
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
Dimensions) min
eff 0.0256 0.00973 0.01587

200 200
0.004
fy 50000
min min 0.004
3 f c 3 3000 0.00329
fy 50000

min 0.0159 0.004 OK!
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Example - Doubly RC
Beam (Known
The beam is over-designed by:
Dimensions)
280.2 k - ft. 265 k - ft.
Error *100%
265 k - ft.
5.7%
Using 6 #8 bars in a double layer configuration for the

tension steel and 3 #7 bars in the compression steel.
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Example Problem
What would have happened if we selected another k
factor (c/d)
c
0.375
d
Select c/d = 0.3

c
0.3 c 0.3d 0.3 18.5 in. 5.55 in.
d
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Example Problem
Design the beam as a single reinforced beam with
a 1c 0.85 5.55 in. 4.72 in.
Use equilibrium to find the As
C T
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Example Problem
Use equilibrium to find the As
C T
0.85 f cba
0.85 f cba As1 f y As1
fy
0.85 3 ksi 10 in. 4.72 in.

As1
50 ksi
2.41 in 2
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Example Problem
Calculate the Mn for a singly reinforce beam:
a
M n1 As1 f y d
2
4.72 in.
2.41 in 50 ksi 18.5 in.
2

2
1941.6 k-in.
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Example Problem
Calculate the residual Mn needed to find the As for
the beam:
MU
M n2 M n1

12 in.
265 k-ft
ft
1941.6 k-in.
0.9
1558.4 k-in.
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Example Problem
c d 5.55 in. 2.5 in.

s cu 0.003
c 5.55 in.
0.00165
fy 50 ksi
y 0.00172
E s 29000 ksi
0.00165 0.00172
not yielded!
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Example Problem
Compute the strength of the compression steel:
f s Es s
29000 ksi 0.00165 47.8 ksi
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Example Problem
Compute the As for the compression steel.
M n2
M n2 As f s d d As
f s d d
1558.4 k-in
As
47.8 ksi 18.5 in. 2.5 in.
2.04 in 2
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Example Problem
Determine the total steel for the tension zone.
As As As
2.41 in 2 2.04 in 2
4.45 in 2
Select the bars so that the areas are greater than the
required compression steel and tension steel.
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Example: Doubly Reinforced
Section
Select 6 #8 bars (0.79 in2) for the tension steel, and 3 #8
bars (0.79 in2) for the compression steel.
As 6 0.79 in 2 4.74 in 2
As 3 0.79 in 2 2.37 in 2
The tension steel 4.74 in2 2.37 in2 = 2.37 in2 > 2.41 in2
This scheme will not work!
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Section
Select 6 #8 bars (0.79 in2) for the tension steel, and 2 #7
bars (0.60 in2) and 2 #6 bars (0.44 in2) for the
compression steel.
As 6 0.79 in 2 4.74 in 2
As 2 0.60 in 2 2 0.44 in 2 2.08 in 2
The tension steel 4.74 in2 2.08 in2 = 2.66 in2 > 2.41 in2
The compression steel 2.08 in2 > 2.04 in2
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Section
Check the
As 4.74 in 2
0.0256
bd 10 in. 18.5 in.
As 2.04 in 2
0.0110
bd 10 in. 18.5 in.
0.0256 0.0110 0.01457

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Section
Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and min
1 0.85 f c d 87000
'

d fy 87000 f y
0.85 0.85 3 ksi 2.5 in. 87
0.01377

50 ksi 18.5 in. 87 50

0.01457 0.01377 Compression steel has yielded?
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Section
Compute the a values
A A f
s s y 4.74 in 2
2.08 in 2
50 ksi
a
0.85 f cb 0.85 3 ksi 10 in.
a 5.22 in.
a 5.22 in.
c 6.14 in.
1 0.85
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Section
Compute the k value and compare
c 6.14 in.
k 0.332 0.375
d 18.5 in.
The tension steel will be in the tension

controlled zone.
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Section
Another check is compute the strain in the two steels
d c 18.5 in. 6.14 in.
t cu 0.003
c 6.14 in.
0.00604 0.005
The compression steel
c d 6.14 in. 2.5 in.

s cu 0.003
c 6.14 in.
0.001779 0.00172
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Section

a

2
4.74 in 2.08 in
5.22 in.
2 2
50 ksi 18.5 in.
2

2.08 in 2 50 ksi 18.5 in. 2.5 in.
3777.4 k - in.
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Section
Compute the moment capacity of the beam
MU MN
0.9 3777.4 k - in.
3399.6 k - in. 283.3 k - ft.
283.3 k - ft. 265 k - ft. OK!
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Section
Check to see if the steel will fit into the beam
b 2n 1 d b 2 cover d stirrup
If we assume the largest diameter for the compression

steel
b 2 4 1 0.875 in. 2 1.5 in. 0.375 in.
9.875 in. < 10 in.
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Section
This shows that compression steel will not fit into the
beam. So lets take a closer look at the value.
b 2 0.875 in. 2 0.875 in.

2 0.75 in. 0.75 in. 2 1.5 in. 0.375 in.
9.5 in. < 10 in.
So the compression steel will fit in a single layer
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Section
The beam is over designed by:
283.3 k - ft. 265 k - ft.

Error *100%
265 k - ft.
6.9%
Using 6 #8 bars in a double layer configuration

for the tension steel and 2 #7 bars and 2 #6 bars
in the compression steel.
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dimensions are unknown
1 Calculate controlling value for the
design moment, Mu.
2 Compute Ru with a selected c/d ratio for

a singly reinforced member.
k
Ru 0.85 f c k 1
2
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3 Select a b = 0.45d to 0.65d

Mu

bd
2
Ru
Solve for d and b.
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4 Assume that the compression steel is a
percentage of the net steel, As = 0.4Anet to
0.6Anet d
c kd
0.85 f c b 1c
Astotal
fy
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dimensions
5 Compute the are unknown
amount of steel in the
compression zone.
Astotal
As
percentage
1
of Anet
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6 Select reinforcing bars so As(provided)
As As(reqd). Confirm that the
As(total) and
bars will fit within the cross section.
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7 Confirm that
s y.
fy
y
Es
c d
s cu
c
If the strain is does not yield

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Compute the equilibrium.
c d
As f y As Es cu 0.85 f cb 1c
c

c

2
A E s s cu As f y c A E
s s cud
0
0.85 f cb1 0.85 f cb 1
Compute the quadratic to find the c value

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Compute a and fs to compute the
moment of the beam and check 0.375
c/d for the selection of
a 1c
c d
f s Es cu
c
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Compute the moment of the beam

M n As f y As f s d

a
2
As f s d d
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10 Calculate the actual Mn for the
section dimensions and
Check
reinforcement selected.
strength, Mn Mu. (keep over-
design within 10 % ) Go back to c/d
step 4 and adjust the compression
steel.
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11 Check whether provided is
within allowable limits.
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Example Problem
Doubly reinforced beam with known dimensions,

fc = 6000 psi & fy = 60 ksi.
Max + Mu = 435.0 k-ft
Use a double layer at the bottom of the beam
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Example Problem
Select a k factor (c/d), which will cause the tension
steel to yield. c
0.375
d
Select c/d = 0.35
f c 4000
1 0.85 0.05
1000
6000 4000
0.85 0.05 0.75
1000
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Example Problem
Compute Ru
k 1k 0.75 0.35 0.2625

k
Ru 0.85 f c k 1
2
0.2625
0.85 6 ksi 0.2625 1
2
1.163 ksi
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Example Problem
Compute bd2 Mu
Mu
Ru bd
2
bd
2
Ru
12 in.
435 k-ft ft.

bd 2 0.9 4989 in 3
1.163 ksi
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Example Problem
Assume that b =0.6d
3
4989 in
bd 2 4989 in 3 d 3 20.256 in.
0.6
b 0.6 20.256 in. 12.154 in.
Use d = 20.5 in. and b = 12 in.
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Example Problem
Calculate the Atotal for a singly reinforced beam:
c 0.35d 0.35 20.5 in. 7.175 in.

0.85 f cb 1c
Atotal
fy
0.85 6 ksi 12 in. 0.75 7.175 in.

60 ksi
5.48 in 2
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Example Problem
Assume As=0.45Anet
Atotal
As
1 % Anet
5.48 in 2
1.70 in 2
1 0.45
Anet 5.48 in 2 1.70 in 2 3.78 in 2
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Example Problem
Select the steel to meet the requirements. Chose 4#9
and 2#8 bars for the tension steel and 3#7 in
compression steel.
Atotal 4 1.00 in 2 2 0.79 in 2 5.58 in 2
As 3 0.60 in 2 1.8 in 2
Anet Atotal As
5.58 in 2 1.8 in 2 3.78 in 2
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Section
Check the
As 5.58 in 2
0.02268
bd 12 in. 20.5 in.
As 1.80 in 2
0.00732
bd 12 in. 20.5 in.
0.02268 0.00732 0.01537
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Section
minimum
1 0.85 f c d 87000
'
d fy 87000 f y
0.75 0.85 6 ksi 2.5 in. 87
0.02505

60 ksi 20.5 in.
87 60
0.01587 0.02505 Compression steel has yielded.
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Example Problem
Compute c for the new beam and assume compression
steel has yielded
a
Atotal As fy

3.78 in 60 ksi
2
0.85 f cb 0.85 6 ksi 12 in.

a 3.71 in.
3.71 in. c 4.94 in.
1 0.75
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Example Problem
c d
4.94 in. 2.5 in.

s cu 0.003
c 4.94 in.
0.00148
fy 60 ksi
y 0.00207
Es 29000 ksi
0.00148 0.00207
not yielded!
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Example Problem
Compute the actual c value
0c 2
A E s s cu As f y c A E
s s cud
0.85 f cb 1 0.85 f cb 1
0 c2
1.8 in 87 ksi 5.58 in 60 ksi
2 2
c
0.85 6 ksi 12 in. 0.75

1.8 in 87 ksi 2.5 in.
2
0.85 6 ksi 12 in. 0.75

0 c 2 3.8824c 8.5294
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Example Problem
Compute the actual c value
b b 2 4ac
c
2a
3.8824 4 8.5294
2
3.8824

2
c 5.448 in.
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Example Problem
Compute a and f s
c 5.448 in.
0.2724 0.375
d 20.5 in.
a 1c 0.75 5.448 in. 4.086 in.
c d

fs Es cu
c
5.448 in. 2.5 in.
29000 ksi 0.003
5.448 in.
47.08 ksi
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Section

a
2

5.58 in 2 60 ksi 1.80 in 2 47.08 ksi 20.5 in.
4.09 in.

2
1.80 in 2 47.08 ksi 20.5 in. 2.5 in.
6140.7 k - in.
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Section
Compute the moment capacity of the beam:
MU MN
0.9 6140.7 k - in.
5526.6 k - in. 460.6 k - ft.
460.6 k - ft. 435 k - ft. OK!
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Section
Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and min
eff 0.02268 0.00732 0.01537
200 200
0.00333
fy 60000
min min 0.00387
3 f c 3 6000
0.00387
fy 60000

min 0.0154 0.00387 OK!
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Section
The beam is over designed by:
460.6 k - ft. 435 k - ft.

Error *100%
435 k - ft.
5.87%
Using 4 #9 & 2 #8 bars in a double layer configuration

for the tension steel and 3 #7 bars in the compression
steel.
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Lecture 11

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Lecture 11

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Lecture 11 Design

2 Calculate d, since h is known

3 Estimate a c/d value, which will cause a

As req'd As1 As req'd

Select c/d = 0.325

a 1c 0.85 6.01 in. 5.11 in.

Use equilibrium to find the As1

Assume 0.9 and MU = 265 k-ft

0.0256 0.00973 0.01587

0.01587 0.01377 Compression steel has yielded.

The tension steel will be in the tension controlled zone.

280.2 k - ft. 265 k - ft. OK!

eff 0.0256 0.00973 0.01587

Using 6 #8 bars in a double layer configuration for the

Select c/d = 0.3

a 1c 0.85 5.55 in. 4.72 in.

Use equilibrium to find the As

0.85 3 ksi 10 in. 4.72 in.

c d 5.55 in. 2.5 in.

0.0256 0.0110 0.01457

0.01457 0.01377 Compression steel has yielded?

The tension steel will be in the tension

283.3 k - ft. 265 k - ft. OK!

If we assume the largest diameter for the compression

b 2 0.875 in. 2 0.875 in.

So the compression steel will fit in a single layer

283.3 k - ft. 265 k - ft.

Using 6 #8 bars in a double layer configuration

2 Compute Ru with a selected c/d ratio for

3 Select a b = 0.45d to 0.65d

If the strain is does not yield

Compute the quadratic to find the c value

Doubly reinforced beam with known dimensions,

k 1k 0.75 0.35 0.2625

Use d = 20.5 in. and b = 12 in.

c 0.35d 0.35 20.5 in. 7.175 in.

0.02268 0.00732 0.01537

0.01587 0.02505 Compression steel has yielded.

0.85 f cb 0.85 6 ksi 12 in.

0.85 6 ksi 12 in. 0.75

460.6 k - ft. 435 k - ft. OK!

460.6 k - ft. 435 k - ft.

Using 4 #9 & 2 #8 bars in a double layer configuration

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