Lecture 16 Shear

Design
July 14, 2003
RC 444

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Lecture Goals
Class Project
Shear

Shear Design

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 Class Project
The structural floor plan of a three-story 1 2 3 4

(ground floor, two suspended floors, and A

a roof) office building is shown on the 1 1

0.75L

next page. The roof covers the hole B

used for the elevator shaft and 0.75L

stairwells. The new building will be C

2

2
located in Houston, Texas. The floor Hole for
Elevator
0.75L

systems consist of one-way pan joists D

shafts and
stairwells

slabs supported in one direction by Pan joist -

2 2
0.75L
rib
beams located on column lines A E
direction
(typ)

through F. In addition, beams are 0.75L

located on column lines 1 and 4 as part F

of the lateral force resisting system. L 0.85L L

Plan
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 Class Project
3
The design loads for the floor (in 1 2 4

addition to the self-weight) include a A

superimposed dead load (SDL) of 20 psf 1 1

0.75L

to account for moveable partitions, B

ceiling panels, etc. and a superimposed 0.75L

live load (LL) to be determined from

2
C
2

ASCE 7-95. In addition, a 0.5 kip/ft. Hole for

Elevator
shafts and
0.75L

wall load is applied around the building D stairwells

2 2
perimeter. The design loads for the roof Pan joist -
rib
0.75L

(in addition to the self-weight) include a E

direction
(typ)

superimposed dead load (SDL) of 10 0.75L

psf. F
L 0.85L L

Plan
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Class Project
Overview of Required Design:
A Design the continuous beams of the first floor on column lines D
and E of the second suspended floor assuming that they support
the one-way pan joist floor system (3 parts).

B Design the slab of the second suspended floor as a one-way pan

joist system supported in one direction on column lines A through F
(3 parts).

C Design and detail the columns for all three stories for the location
where column lines E and 2 intersect (1 part).

D Design the roof system as a two-way slab without beams (1 part).

E Design the footing for the column on column lines E and 2 (1 part).

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 Class Project
1 2 3 4

1 1
0.75L

0.75L

2
C
2
Hole for
Elevator shafts 0.75L
and stairwells

D
2 2
Pan joist - rib 0.75L
direction
(typ)
E

0.75L

L 0.85L L

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Plan
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View
Class Project
The Joist detail for section 1-1

The beam detail for section 2-2

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 Class Project
Team Performance

It is expected that all assignments related to the project will be done in teams.
Each assignment must contain computations that are initialed by the
calculators (or originators) and initialed by the checker(s). Members of the
team will rotate between calculation and checking tasks. It is recommended
that two persons calculate for each assignment (i.e., In a four-person team,
two persons should provide calculation services on odd numbered
assignments and checking services on even number assignments. In a three-
person team, each person should rotate so that they are checking every third
assignment.) Those not performing calculations are responsible for
checking them and must be afforded ample time to thoroughly check the
calculations. If revisions are necessary, those performing the
calculations must make the corrections. Each sheet must be initialed by
the originator and checker. A cover sheet with the signature of each team
member must be included with each assignment. Assignments that are not
signed or initialed by all teamwood4657@yahoo.es
members will not be accepted.
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Class Project
Peer Evaluation

Peer evaluation is a common practice in the engineering community. Critical

evaluation is a necessary component of improving the engineering
profession. It is generally believed that honors and awards granted by peers
are the highest possible honors. After all, it is our peers who know best what
is required to do an adequate, good, or outstanding job. Your individual
project grade will depend on an evaluation by your peers at the end of the
semester. The evaluation form will have a format similar to the one provided
on the back of this sheet. Evaluation forms will also be collected during the
middle of the semester for an unofficial assessment of group performance.

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Class Project

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Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
Look at the shear and bending moment diagrams. The
acting shear stress distribution on the beam.

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 Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior

The acting stresses distributed across the

cross-section.

VQ

Ib
The shear stress
acting on the
rectangular beam.

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 Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The equation of the shear stress for a rectangular beam
is given as:
bh 3
I Moment of Inertia
VQ 12
2
Ib bh h bh
Q max *
2 4 8
Note: The maximum 3 V
1st moment occurs at max * 1.5 ave
the neutral axis (NA).
2 bh
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Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The ideal shear stress distribution can be described as:

VQ

Ib

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 Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
A realistic description of the shear distribution is shown
as:

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 Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The shear stress acting along the beam can be described
with a stress block:

Using Mohrs circle, the stress block can be

manipulated to find the maximum shear and the crack
formation.
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Inclined Cracking in Reinforced
Concrete Beams
Typical Crack Patterns for a deep beam

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 Inclined Cracking in Reinforced
Concrete Beams
Flexural-shear crack -
Starts out as a flexural
crack and propagates due
to shear stress.
Flexural cracks in beams
are vertical
(perpendicular to the
tension face).

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 Inclined Cracking in
Reinforced Concrete Beams
For deep beam the cracks are given as:
The shear cracks Inclined (diagonal) intercept crack
with longitudinal bars plus vertical or inclined
reinforcement.

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 Inclined Cracking in
Reinforced Concrete Beams
For deep beam the cracks
are given as:

The shear cracks fail due

two modes:
- shear-tension failure
- shear-
compression failure

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 Shear Strength of RC Beams
without Web Reinforcement
Total Resistance = vcz + vay + vd (when no stirrups are used)

vcz - shear in compression

zone
va - Aggregate Interlock
forces
vd = Dowel action from
longitudinal bars
Note: vcz increases from
(V/bd) to (V/by) as crack
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 Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)

(1) Tensile Strength of concrete affect inclined

cracking load

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 Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)

(2) Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio, w

As
w restrains cracks
bw d
for 0.0075 w 0.0025 : Vc 2 f cbw d

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 Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)

(3) Shear span to depth ratio, a/d (M/(Vd))

a Deep shear spans

2 more detail design
d required
a
2 Ratio has little
d effect

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 Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)

(4) Size of Beam

Increase Depth Reduced shear stress at
inclined cracking

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 Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)

(5) Axial Forces

- Axial tension Decreases inclined cracking load
- Axial Compression Increases inclined cracking
load (Delays flexural
cracking)

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 Function and Strength of
Web Reinforcement
Function: Web Reinforcement is provided to ensure that
the full flexural capacity can be developed.
(desired a flexural failure mode - shear failure
is brittle)
- Acts as clamps to keep shear cracks from
widening

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 Function and Strength of
Web Reinforcement

Uncracked Beam Shear is resisted uncracked

concrete.
Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by vcz, vay, vd

Vcz Shear in compression zone

Vay Vertical component of Aggregate Interlock force
Vd Dowl Action from longitudinal bars.

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 Function and Strength of
Web Reinforcement

Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by

vcz, vay, vd and vs

Vs increases as cracks
widen until yielding of
stirrups then stirrups
provide constant
resistance.

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 Designing to Resist Shear
Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)

Vn Vu
capacity demand
Vu factored shear force at section
Vn Nominal Shear Strength
0.75 shear strength reduction factor

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 Designing to Resist Shear
Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)

Vn Vc Vs

Vc Nominal shear resistance provided by concrete

Vs Nominal shear provided by the shear reinforcement

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Shear Strength Provided by
Concrete
Bending only
Simple formula Vc 2 f c bw d
Eqn [11.3]
3.5 f c bw d

More detailed V d
u
Vc 1.9 f c 2500 w b d
Note:
w

V d Mu
u 1
Eqn [11.5]
3.5 f c bw d
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Shear Strength Provided by
Concrete
Bending and Axial Compression
Simple formula

Nu
Vc 2 1 f c bw d
Nu is positive for 2000 A
g Eqn [11.4]
compression and Nu/Ag
are in psi. Nu
3.5 f c bw d 1
500 Ag
Eqn [11.7]
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 Typical Shear Reinforcement
Stirrup - perpendicular to axis of members
(minimum labor - more material)
Av f y d sin cos
Vs
s
ACI Eqn 11-15
Av f y d
90 Vs
o

s
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 Typical Shear Reinforcement
Bent Bars (more labor - minimum material) see reqd
in 11.5.6
Av f y d sin cos
Vs
s
ACI 11-5.6
1.41Av f y d
45 Vs o

s
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Stirrup Anchorage Requirements

Vs based on assumption stirrups yield

Stirrups must be well anchored.

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Stirrup Anchorage Requirements
Refer to Sec. 12.13 of ACI 318 for development of web
reinforcement. Requirements:
each bend must enclose a long bar
# 5 and smaller can use standard hooks 90o,135o, 180o
#6, #7,#8( fy = 40 ksi )
#6, #7,#8 ( fy > 40 ksi ) standard hook plus a
minimum embedment

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Stirrup Anchorage Requirements

Also sec. 7.10 requirement for minimum stirrups

in beams with compression reinforcement,
beams subject to stress reversals, or beams
subject to torsion

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 Design Procedure for Shear

(1) Calculate Vu
(2) Calculate Vc Eqn 11-3 or 11-5 (no axial force)
(3) Check
1 If yes, add web reinforcement (go to 4)
Vu Vc
2 If no, done.

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 Design Procedure for Shear
1
(4) If Vc Vu Vc Provide minimum
2 shear reinforcement

bw s Av f ys
Av min 50 or smax for min Av
fy 50bw

Also: d
smax 24" 11.5.4
(Done) 2
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 Design Procedure for Shear

(5) If Vu Vc , calulate Vs (req' d)

Vu Vn Vc Vs
Vu
Vs Vu Vc Vs Vc

Check:
Vs 8 f c bw d otherwise, illegal 11.5.4
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 Design Procedure for Shear

(6) Solve for required stirrup spacing(strength)

Assume # 3, #4, or #5 stirrups

Av f ys d
s from 11-15

Vs

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 Design Procedure for Shear

(7) Check minimum steel requirement (eqn 11-13)

Av f ys
smax
50bw

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 Design Procedure for Shear

(8) Check maximum spacing requirement (ACI 11.5.4)

d
If Vs 4 f c bw d smax 24"
2
d
If Vs 4 f c bw d smax 12"
4
Note : If Vs 8 f c bw d illegal

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 Design Procedure for Shear

(9) Use smallest spacing from steps 6,7,8

Note: A practical limit to minimum stirrup

spacing is 4 inches.

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 Location of Maximum Shear
for Beam Design
Non-pre-stressed members:
Sections located less than a distance d from face of
support may be designed for same shear, Vu, as the
computed at a distance d.

Compression fan
carries load directly
into support.
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Location of Maximum Shear for
Beam Design
When:
1. The support reaction introduces compression
into the end regions of the member.
2. No concentrated load occurs with in d from
face of support .

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Location of Maximum Shear for
Beam Design

Compression from support at bottom of

beam tends to close crack at support

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