Lecture 7

Lecture 7 - Flexure
June 16, 2003

RC 444
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Lecture Goals
Doubly Reinforced beams
T Beams and L Beams
Pan Joist
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Analysis of Flanged
Section
Floor systems with slabs and beams are
placed in monolithic pour.
Slab acts as a top flange to the beam; T-
beams, and Inverted L(Spandrel)
Beams.
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Analysis of Flanged
Sections
Positive and Negative Moment Regions in a T-beam
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Analysis of Flanged
Sections
If the neutral axis falls
within the slab depth
analyze the beam as a
rectangular beam,
otherwise as a T-beam.
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Analysis of Flanged
Sections
Effective Flange Width
Portions near the webs are more highly stressed than
areas away from the web.
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Analysis of Flanged
Sections
Effective width (beff)
beff is width that is stressed uniformly to give the same
compression force actually developed in compression
zone of width b(actual)
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ACI Code Provisions for
Estimating bef
From ACI 318, Section 8.10.2
T Beam Flange: L
beff
4
16hf bw
bactual
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Estimating bef
From ACI 318, Section 8.10.3
Inverted L Shape Flange
L
beff bw
12
6hf bw
bactual bw 0.5* clear distance to next web
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Estimating bef
From ACI 318, Section 8.10
Isolated T-Beams
bw
hf
2
beff 4bw
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Various Possible Geometries
of T-Beams
Single Tee
Twin Tee
Box
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Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1: a hf Same as rectangular section
Steel is yielding
Assume s y f s f y under reinforced
Check a hf
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Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1: a hf
Equilibrium As f y
T Ca
0.85f c beff
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Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1: a hf
Confirm
s y
a
c
1
d c
s cu y
c
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Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1: a hf
Calculate Mn a
M n As f y d
2
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Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a hf Assume steel yields
Cf 0.85 f c b bw hf
Cw 0.85 f c bw a
T As f y
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Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a hf Assume steel yields
0.85 f c b bw hf
Asf
fy
The flanges are considered to be equivalent

compression steel.
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Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a hf Equilibrium
As Asf fy
T Cf C w a
0.85 f cbw
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Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a hf
Confirm
a hf
a
c
1
d c
s cu 0.005
c
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Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a hf
Confirm
fy

f c
1.18 d
hf or hf a
1
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Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a hf
Calculate nominal
moments
M n M n1 M n2
a
M n1 As Asf f y d
2
hf
M n2 Asf f y d
2
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Analysis of T-Beams
The definition of Mn1 and Mn2 for the T-Beam are given
as:
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Analysis of T-Beams
The ultimate moment Mu for the T-Beam are given as:
Mu Mn
c
f For a T-Beam with the
d tension steel yielded using a
function c/d
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Limitations on
Reinforcement for Flange
Beams
Lower Limits
Flange in compression
3 f c

As fy
min larger of
bw d 200
fy

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Limitations on
Beams
Lower Limits 6 f c
Flange in tension bw d
fy
3 f c
As(min) smaller of beff d
larger of f y

200
beff d
f y
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Limitations on
Beams
Lower Limits
s(provided) 4/3 As(reqd) based on
If A
analysis
then As(min) is not required
(i.e.)
Mn 4/3Mu for As(provided)
See
ACI 10.5.3
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Example - T-Beam
Find Mn and Mu for T-Beam.
beff = 54 in. hf = 3 in. b = 7 ft.
d = 16.5 in. As = 8.5 in2
fy = 50 ksi fc = 3 ksi
bw= 12 in L = 18 ft
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Example of L-Beam
Confirm beff
12 in.
18 ft
L ft.
beff 54 in.
4 4
16hf bw 16 3 in. 12 in.=60 in.
12 in.
b 7 ft. 84 in.
ft.
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Example - T-Beam
Compute the equivalent c value and check the strain
in the steel, s
a
As f y

8.5 in 2
50 ksi
3.09 in.
0.85f c b eff 0.85 3 ksi 54 in.
a 3.09 in
c 3.63 in.
1 0.85
d 16.5 in.
s 1 0.003 1 0.003 0.0106 0.005
c 3.63 in.
Steel will yield in the tension zone.

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Example - T-Beam
Compute the reinforcement and check to make sure it
is greater than min

As

8.5 in 2
0.0429
b w d 12 in. 16.5 in.
200 200
0.004
fy 50000
min min 0.004
3 f c 3 3000 0.00329
fy 50000

0.0429 0.004
Section works for minimum
reinforcement.
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Example - T-Beam
Compute and check that the c value is greater than hf
fy 50 ksi
0.0429 0.7155
f c 3 ksi
1.18 d 1.18 0.7155 16.5 in.
hf 3 in. 16.388
1 0.85
hf a 3 in. 3.09 in.
Analysis the beam as a T-beam.
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Example - T-Beam
0.85 f c beff bw hf 0.85 3 ksi 54 in. 12 in. 3 in.
Asf
fy 50 ksi
6.426 in 2
Compute a
a
As Asf fy

8.5 in 2
6.426 in 2
50 ksi
0.85 f c bw 0.85 3 ksi 12 in.
3.889 in.
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Example - T-Beam
Compute nominal moment components
a
M n1 As Asf f y d
2
3.889 in.
8.5 in 6.426 in 50 ksi 16.5 in.
2 2

2
1535.34 k-in.
hf
3 in.
M n2 Asf f y d 6.426 in 50 ksi 16.5 in.
2
2 2
4819.5 k-in.
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Example - T-Beam
Compute nominal moment
M n M n1 M n2
1535.34 k-in. 4819.5 k-in.
6354.84 k-in. 529.57 k-ft.
Compute ultimate moment

M u M n 0.9 529.57 k-ft.
416.6 k-ft.
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Example of L-Beam
Determine the
effective b for the
spandrel beam and
do the analysis.
Use 4 #9 bars and
find the ultimate
moment capacity.
fy=50 ksi, fc = 3 ksi
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Example of L-Beam
Compute beff
L
beff bw
12
6hf bw
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Example of L-Beam
Compute beff
12 in.
20 ft
L ft 12 in. =32 in.
beff bw
12 12
6hf bw 6 6 in. 12 in. = 48 in.
12 in.
12 in. + 0.5* 7 ft 54 in.
ft
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Example of L-Beam
The value beff and As
beff = 32 in.
As 4 1.0 in 2
4.0 in 2
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Example - L-Beam
Compute the equivalent c value and check the strain
in the steel, s
a
As f y

4.0 in 2 50 ksi
2.45 in.
0.85f c b eff 0.85 3 ksi 32 in.
a 2.45 in
c 2.88 in.
1 0.85
d 24 in.
s 1 0.003 1 0.003 0.0220 0.005
c 2.88 in.
Steel will yield in the tension zone.
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Example - L-Beam
Compute the reinforcement and check to make sure it
is greater than min

As

4.0 in
2
0.0139
b w d 12 in. 24 in.
200 200
0.004
fy 50000
min min 0.004
3 f c 3 3000 0.00329
fy 50000

Section works for minimum
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reinforcement.
Example - L-Beam
fy 50 ksi
0.0139 0.2315
f c 3 ksi
1.18 d 1.18 0.2315 24 in.
hf 6 in. 7.71 in.
1 0.85
hf a 6 in. 2.45 in. False!
Analysis the beam as a Singly reinforced beam.
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Example - L-Beam
Compute a
a
As f y

4.0 in 50 ksi
2
0.85 f c b 0.85 3 ksi 32 in.

2.451 in.
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Example - L-Beam
Compute nominal moment
a
M n As f y d
2
2.451 in.
4.0 in 50 ksi 24.0 in.
2

2
4554.9 k-in. 379.58 k-ft.
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Example - L-Beam
Compute ultimate moment
M u M n 0.9 379.58 k-ft.

341.62 k-ft.
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Pan Joist Floor Systems
View of Pan Joist Slab from Below Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
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Walter P. Moore & Assoc.

View of Double Skip Joist Slab from Below
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Pan Joist Floor
Systems
Placing Reinforcement
for a Pan Joist Slab

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General framing layout of

the pan joist system.
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Pan Joist
Floor Systems
Pouring a Pan Joist Slab

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Definition: The type of slab is also called a
ribbed slab. It consists of a floor slab,
usually 2-4 in. thick, supported by
reinforced concrete ribs. The ribs are
usually tapered and uniformly spaced at
distances that do not exceed 30 in. The
ribs are supported on girders that rest on
columns. In some ribbed slabs, the space
between ribs may be filled with
permanent fillers to provide a horizontal
slab soffit.
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One-Way Joist
Construction
Definition: Pan joist floor

systems are series of closely
spaced cast-in-place T-beams
or joists used for long-span
floors with relatively light
loads. Typically removable
metal forms (fillers or pans)
are used to form joists.
MacGregor, Fig. 10-28

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One-Way Joist Construction
Details of ribbed floor
with removable steel
pans.
Ribbed-floor cross
sections.
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One-Way Joist
Construction
The design of a ribbed floor
with steel pan forms and
average weight of the floor.
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The design of a ribbed floor with steel pan forms and
average weight of the floor.
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Joist Details
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ACI Requirements for Joist Construction
(Sec. 8.11, ACI 318-02)
Slabs and ribs must be cast
monolithically.
Ribs must be spaced consistently
Ribs may not be less than 4 inches in
width
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ACI Requirements for Joist Construction
(cont.)
(Sec. 8.11.2, ACI 318-02)
Depth of ribs may not be more than 3.5
times the minimum rib width

Clear spacing between ribs shall not
exceed 30 inches.
** Ribbed slabs not meeting these
requirements are designed as slabs and
beams. **
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Slab Thickness
(ACI Sec. 8.11.6.1)
t 2 in. for joints formed with 20 in.

wide pans
t 2.5 in. for joints formed with 30 in.

wide pans (1/12 distance)
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Slab Thickness (cont.)
Building codes give minimum fire
resistance rating:
1-hour fire rating: in. cover, 3-3.5

slab thickness
2-hour fire rating: 1 in. cover, 4.5 slab

thickness
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Pan Joist
Floor
Systems
Standard
Removable
Form
Dimensions
Note the
shapes
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Standard Removable Form
Dimensions
Standard Widths: 20 in. & 30 in.

(measured at bottom of ribs)
Standard Depths: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16

or 20 in.
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Standard Removable Form
Dimensions (cont.)
End Forms: one end is closed (built-in)

to form the supporting beam
Tapered End Forms: provide additional

shear capacity at ends of joists by
tapering ends to increase rib width.
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Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist
Form Dimensions
Ref. CECO Concrete
Construction Catalog
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Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist
Form Dimensions
Ref. CECO Concrete Construction
Catalog
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Laying Out Pan Joist Floors
Rib/slab thickness
Governed by strength, fire rating,
available space
Overall depth and rib thickness

Governed by deflections and shear
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Laying Out Pan Joist Floors (cont.)
Typically no stirrups are used in joists
Reducing Forming Costs:

Use constant joist depth for entire
floor
Use same depth for joists and beams
(not always possible)
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Distribution Ribs
Placed perpendicular to joists*
Spans < 20 ft.: None
Spans 20-30 ft.: Provided a midspan
Spans > 30 ft.: Provided at third-points
At least one continuous #4 bar is provided
at top and bottom of distribution rib.

*Note: not required by ACI Code, but typically
used in construction
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Member Depth
ACI provides minimum member depth
and slab thickness requirements that
can be used without a deflection
calculation (Sec. 9.5 ACI 318)
Useful for selecting preliminary

member sizes
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Member Depth
ACI 318 - Table 9.5a:
Min. thickness, h (for beams or ribbed one-way

slab)
For beams with one end continuous: L/18.5
For beams with both ends continuous: L/21
L is span length in inches
Table 9.5a usually gives a depth too shallow for

design, but should be checked as a minimum.
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Member
Depth
ACI 318-99: Table 9.5a
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Member Depth
Rule of Thumb:
h (in.) ~ L (ft.)
b
Ex.) 30 ft. span -> h ~ 30 in.
b
May be a little large, but okay as a
start to calc. DL
Another Rule of Thumb:
w
DL (web below slab) ~ 15% (w SDL+
wLL)
Note: For design, start with maximum
moment for beam to finalize depth.
Select b as a function of d
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b ~ (0.45 towood4657@gmail.com
0.65) (d) 71

Lecture 7

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Lecture 7

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Lecture 7 - Flexure

June 16, 2003

The flanges are considered to be equivalent

Steel will yield in the tension zone.

Compute ultimate moment

0.85 f c b 0.85 3 ksi 32 in.

M u M n 0.9 379.58 k-ft.

Walter P. Moore & Assoc.

Walter P. Moore & Assoc.

General framing layout of

Pouring a Pan Joist Slab

Walter P. Moore & Assoc.

Definition: Pan joist floor

MacGregor, Fig. 10-28

Ribs may not be less than 4 inches in

times the minimum rib width

t 2 in. for joints formed with 20 in.

t 2.5 in. for joints formed with 30 in.

1-hour fire rating: in. cover, 3-3.5

2-hour fire rating: 1 in. cover, 4.5 slab

Standard Widths: 20 in. & 30 in.

Standard Depths: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16

End Forms: one end is closed (built-in)

Tapered End Forms: provide additional

Overall depth and rib thickness

Typically no stirrups are used in joists

Reducing Forming Costs:

Spans 20-30 ft.: Provided a midspan

Spans > 30 ft.: Provided at third-points

At least one continuous #4 bar is provided

at top and bottom of distribution rib.

Useful for selecting preliminary

Min. thickness, h (for beams or ribbed one-way

Table 9.5a usually gives a depth too shallow for

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