The Muscular System: © 2011 The Mcgraw Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

CHAPTER
22
The Muscular
System
2011TheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
22-2
Learning Outcomes
22.1 List the functions of muscle.
22.2 List the three types of muscle tissue and

describe the locations and characteristics of
each.
22.3 Describe how visceral (smooth) muscle

produces peristalsis.
22.4 Explain how muscle tissue generates energy.
22-3
Learning Outcomes (cont.)

22.5 Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle.
22.6 Define the terms origin and insertion.
22.7 List and define the various types of body

movements produced by skeletal muscles.
22.8 List and identify the major skeletal muscles

of the body, giving the action of each.
22-4
Learning Outcomes (cont.)

22.9 Explain the differences between strain and
sprain injuries.
22.10 Describe the changes that occur to the

muscular system as a person ages.
22.11 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms,

and treatments of various diseases and
disorders of the muscular system.
22-5
Introduction
Bones and joints do Muscles cause bones
not produce and supported
movement structures to move by
alternating between
The human body has contraction and
more than 600 relaxation
individual muscles
You will focus on the differences among three muscle tissue

types, the structure of skeletal muscles, muscle actions, and
the names of skeletal muscles.
22-6
Functions of Muscle
Muscle has the ability Functions:
to contract, permitting Movement
muscles to perform Stability
various functions Control of body
openings and
passages
Heat production
Click for
Larger View
22-8
Movement
Skeletal muscles
Attached to bones by tendons
Cross joints so when they contract, bones they attach
to move
Smooth muscle
Found on organ walls
Contractions produce movement of organ contents
Cardiac muscle
Produces atrial and ventricular contractions
This pumps blood from the heart into the blood
vessels
22-9
Stability
Hold bones tightly together
Stabilize joints
Small muscles hold vertebrae

together
Stabilize the spinal column
22-10
Control of Body Openings and Passages

Sphincters
Valve-like structures formed by muscles
Control movement of substances in and
out of passages
Example:
A urethral sphincter prevents or allows
urination
22-11
Heat Production
Heat is released with
muscle contraction
Helps the body maintain a
normal temperature
Moving your body can
make you warmer if you
are cold
22-12
Apply Your Knowledge

True or False: ANSWER: tendons
F Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by ligaments.

___
T Contractions of smooth muscle produce movement of
___
organ contents.
T Cardiac muscle produces atrial and ventricular
___
contractions.
in and out
F Sphincters control movement of substances out of
___
passages.
F Heat is released as muscles relax.
___
contract
22-13
Types of Muscle Tissue

Muscle cells
Myocytes called muscle
fibers
Sarcolemma cell membrane
Sarcoplasm cytoplasm of
cell
Myofibrils long structures in
sarcoplasm
Arrangement of filaments in
myofibrils produces striations
22-14
Types of Muscle Tissue (cont.)

Muscle Major Major Mode of
Group Location Function Control
Skeletal Attached to Produces body Voluntary
Muscle bones and skin of movements and
the face facial expressions
Smooth Walls of hollow Moves contents Involuntary

Muscle organs, blood through organs;
vessels, and iris vasoconstriction
Cardiac Wall of the heart Pumps blood Involuntary

Muscle through heart
22-15
Skeletal Muscle
Muscle fibers respond to the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Causes skeletal muscle to contract
Following contraction, muscles release the

enzyme acetylcholinesterase
Breaks down acetylcholine
Allows muscle to relax
22-16
Smooth Muscle
Multiunit smooth muscle
In the iris of the eye and walls of blood
vessels
Responds to neurotransmitters and hormones
Visceral smooth muscle
In walls of hollow organs
Responds to neurotransmitters AND
Stimulate each other to contract so that
muscle fibers contract and relax together in a
rhythmic motion peristalsis
22-17
Smooth Muscle (cont.)

Peristalsis rhythmic contraction that
pushes substances through tubes of
the body
Neurotransmitters for smooth muscle
contraction
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Will cause or inhibit contractions,
depending on smooth muscle type
22-18
Cardiac Muscle
Intercalated discs
Connect groups of cardiac
muscle
Allow the fibers in the groups to
contract and relax together
Allows heart to work as a pump
Self-exciting does not need

nerve stimulation to contract
Nerves speed up or slow down
contraction
22-19
Cardiac Muscle (cont.)

Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine slows
heart rate
Norepinephrine
speeds up rate
22-20

Match the following: ANSWER:
C Self-exciting
___ A. Skeletal muscle
A Contract in response to
___ B. Smooth muscle
acetylcholine C. Cardiac muscle
B Stimulate each other to
___
contract
B Peristalsis
___
C Slowed by acetylcholine
___
Very
A Voluntary movement
___ Good!
22-21
Production of Energy for Muscle

ATP (adenosine Muscle cells must
triphosphate) have three ways to
A type of chemical store or make ATP
energy
Creatine phosphate
Needed for Rapid production of
sustained or energy
repeated muscle
contractions Aerobic respiration
Uses bodys store of
glucose
Lactic acid production
Small amounts of ATP
22-22
Oxygen Debt
Develops when skeletal muscles are used
strenuously for several minutes and cells are
low in oxygen
Converts
Pyruvic acid to Lactic acid
which builds up
To liver for conversion to Muscle fatigue

glucose, requiring more
energy and oxygen to make
ATP
Oxygen debt
22-23
Muscle Fatigue
Condition in which a muscle has lost its
ability to contract
Causes
Accumulation of lactic acid
Interruption of the blood supply to a muscle
A motor neuron loses its ability to release
acetylcholine onto muscle fibers
22-24

E Rapid production of energy

___ A. Lactic acid
C Needed for sustained or
___ B. Pyruvic acid
repeated muscle contractions C. ATP
D Uses bodys store of glucose
___ D. Aerobic
A Muscle fatigue
___ respiration
B With strenuous exercise,
___ E. Creatine
converts to lactic acid phosphate
Yippee!
22-25
Structure of Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscles
The major components of the
muscular system
Composition
Connective tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue
Blood vessels
Nerves
22-26
Connective Tissue Coverings

Fascia Aponeurosis
Covers entire skeletal A tough, sheet-like
muscles structure made of
Separates them from fibrous connective
each other tissue
Attaches muscles to
Tendon other muscles
A tough, cord-like
structure made of
fibrous connective
tissue
Connects muscles to
bones
22-27
Connective Tissue Coverings (cont.)

Epimysium
A thin covering that is just below the fascia of
a muscle and surrounds the entire muscle
Perimysium
Connective tissue that divides a muscle into
sections called fascicles
Endomysium
Covering of connective tissue that surrounds
individual muscle cells
22-28

D Thin covering under the fascia that A. Tendon
__
surrounds the muscle
B. Perimysium
E Separates muscles from each
__
other C. Aponeurosis
A Connects muscles to bones
__ D. Epimysium
B Divides a muscle into sections
__ E. Fascia
called fascicles F. Endomysium
F Surrounds individual muscle cells
__
C Attaches muscles to other
__
muscles
22-29
Attachments and Actions of Skeletal Muscles

Actions depend
largely on what the
muscles are
attached to
Attachment sites
Origin an
attachment site for a
less movable bone
Insertion an
attachment site for a
more movable bone
22-30
Attachments and Actions (cont.)

Movement usually produced by a group of
muscles
Prime mover (agonist) muscle responsible
for most of the movement
Synergists muscles that help the prime
mover by stabilizing joints
Antagonist muscle that produces
movement opposite to prime mover
Relaxes when prime mover contracts
22-31
Body Movements
Flexion bending a body Plantar flexion pointing
part the toes down
Extension straightening a Abduction moving a

body part body part away from
the anatomical position
Hyperextension
extending a body part Adduction moving a
past the normal body part toward the
anatomical position anatomical position
Dorsiflexion pointing the Figure of Body

toes up Movements
22-32
Body Movements (cont.)
Back
22-33

Circumduction moving a
body part in a circle
Pronation turning the

palm of the hand down
Supination turning
the palm of the
hand up
22-34

Inversion turning the sole Retraction moving a body
of the foot medially part posteriorly
Eversion turning the sole Protraction moving a

of the foot laterally body part anteriorly
22-35

Elevation lifting a
body part; for
example, elevating
the shoulders as in a
shrugging expression
Depression lowering a
body part; for
example, lowering
the shoulders
22-36
The doctor has asked you to abduct the patients leg

so he can see the patients wound. In order to position
the patient correctly, what will you have to do?
ANSWER: Move the patients leg away from its position

in the anatomical position.
Correct!
22-37
Major Skeletal Muscles

The muscle name As you study
indicates muscles, you will find
Location it easier to remember
Size them if you think
Action about what the name
Shape describes.
OR
Number of
attachments of the
muscle
22-38
Muscles of the Head

Sternocleidomastoid Splenius capitis
Pulls the head to one Rotates the head
side Allows it to bend to the
Pulls the head to the side
chest Orbicularis oris
Frontalis Allows the lips to
Raises the eyebrows pucker
22-39
Muscles of the Head (cont.)

Orbicularis oculi Platysma
Allows the eyes to Pulls the corners of
close the mouth down
Zygomaticus Masseter and
Pulls the corners of temporalis
the mouth up Close the jaw
22-40
Arm Muscles
Pectoralis major
Pulls the arm across
the chest
Rotates and adducts
the arms
Latissimus dorsi
Extends and adducts
the arm and rotates
the arm inwardly
22-41
Arm Muscles (cont.)

Deltoid
Abducts and extends
the arm at the shoulder
Subscapularis
Rotates the arm
medially
Infraspinatus
Rotates the arm laterally
22-42
Arm Muscles (cont.)

Biceps brachii
Flexes the arm at the
elbow
Rotates the hand laterally
Brachialis
Flexes the arm at the
elbow
Brachioradialis
Flexes the forearm at the
elbow
22-43
Arm Muscles (cont.)

Triceps brachii
Extends the arm at
the elbow
Supinator
Rotates the forearm
laterally (supination)
Pronator teres
Rotates the forearm
medially (pronation)
22-44
Wrist, Hand, and Finger Muscles

Flexor carpi radialis
and flexor carpi ulnaris
Flex and abduct the wrist
Palmaris longus
Flexes the wrist
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Flexes the distal joints of
the fingers, but not the
thumb
22-45
Wrist, Hand, and Finger Muscles (cont.)

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
Extend the wrist and abduct the hand
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extends the wrist
Extensor digitorum
Extends the fingers, but not the thumb
22-46
Respiratory Muscles
Diaphragm
Separates the thoracic
cavity from the abdominal
cavity
Its contraction causes
inspiration
External and internal
intercostals
Expand and lower the
ribs during breathing
22-47
Abdominal Muscles
External and internal obliques
Compress the abdominal wall
Transverse abdominis
Also compresses the abdominal wall
Rectus abdominis
Flexes the vertebral column
Compresses the abdominal wall
Click for View of

Abdominal Muscles
22-49
Pectoral Girdle
Trapezius
Raises the arms
Pulls the shoulders downward
Pectoralis minor
Pulls the scapula downward
Raises the ribs
Click for View of

Pectoral Girdle
Muscles
22-50
Leg Muscles
Iliopsoas major
Flexes the thigh
Gluteus maximus
Extends the thigh
Gluteus medius and

minimus
Abduct the thighs
Rotate them medially
22-51
Leg Muscles (cont.)

Adductor longus and
magnus
Adduct the thighs
Rotate them laterally
Biceps femoris,
semitendinosus, and
semimembranosus
Known as the hamstring
group
Flex the leg at the knee
Extend the leg at the thigh
22-52
Leg Muscles (cont.)

Rectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus medialis,
and vastus intermedius
Extend the leg at the knee
Sartorius
Flexes the leg at the knee
and thigh
Abducts the thigh, rotating the
thigh laterally but rotating the
lower leg medially
22-53
Ankle, Foot, and Toe Muscles

Tibialis anterior
Inverts the foot and points
the foot up (dorsiflexion)
Extensor digitorum longus

Extends the toes and points
the foot up
Gastrocnemius
Flexes the foot and flexes the
leg at the knee
22-54
Ankle, Foot, and Toe Muscles (cont.)

Soleus
Flexes the foot
Flexor digitorum
longus
Flexes the foot and
toes
22-55

Your patient complains of hurting his hamstring when
running today. You would look at what part of the leg,
and what muscles would be involved?
ANSWER: You would look at the back of his leg, and the
muscles involved would be the biceps femoris,
semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. These three
muscles are known as the hamstring group.
Bravo!
22-56
Muscle Strains and Sprains

Strains injuries due to over-stretched
muscles or tendons
Sprains more serious injuries that result
in tears to tendons, ligaments, and/or
cartilage of joints
RICE is recommended treatment for either
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
22-57
Muscle Strains and Sprains (cont.)

Prevention
Warm up muscles
A few minutes before an intense activity raises
muscle temperature and makes muscle more
pliable
Stretching
Improves muscle performance and should always
be done after the warm-up or after exercising
Cooling down or slowing down
Before completely stopping prevents pooling of
blood in the legs and helps remove lactic acid from
muscles
22-58
Aging and the Musculoskeletal System

Contractions become slower and not as
strong
Dexterity and gripping ability decrease
Mobility may decrease
Assistive devices helpful
Routine exercise
Swimming
Physical therapy
22-59
Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular

System
Disease Description
Botulism Affects the gastrointestinal tract and
various muscle groups
Fibromyalgia Fairly common condition that causes
chronic pain primarily in joints, muscles,
and tendons
Muscular Inherited disorder characterized by muscle
dystrophy weakness and a loss of muscle tissue
Myasthenia Autoimmune condition in which patients
gravis experience muscle weakness
22-60
Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular

System (cont.)
Disease Description
Rhabdomyolysis A condition in which the kidneys become
damaged after serious muscle injuries
Tetanus Painful inflammation of a tendon and the
(lockjaw) tendon-muscle attachment to a bone
Torticollis Acquired or congenital; spasm or
(wryneck) shortening of the sternocleidomastoid
muscle; head bends to affected side and
chin rotates to opposite side
Trichinosis An infection caused by parasites
(worms)
22-61

The doctor has told your patient that his son has
muscular dystrophy disorder. What is muscular
dystrophy?
ANSWER: Muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder

characterized by muscle weakness and a loss of
muscle tissue.
22-62
In Summary
22.1 The functions of muscles include movement, stability,
control of body openings and passages, and the
production of heat.
22.2 The three types of muscle tissue are striated

voluntary skeletal muscle, smooth involuntary visceral
muscle, and specialized striated and involuntary
cardiac muscle.
22.3 Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction produced by

smooth muscle to push substances through various
tubes in the body.
22-63
In Summary (cont.)
22.4 Muscles create energy in three ways. Creatine
phosphate is a rapid method for muscles to create
energy, aerobic respiration uses stored glucose to
produce ATP in the Krebs cycle, and lactic acid
production occurs when a cell is low in oxygen and
coverts pyruvic acid to lactic acid.
22.5 Skeletal muscle is composed of connective tissues,

skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.
The coverings of skeletal muscles include fascia,
tendon, aponeurosis, epimysium, perimysium, and
endomysium.
22-64
In Summary (cont.)
22.6 The origin of a muscle is the attachment site of the
muscle to the less movable bone during muscle
contraction. The insertion of a muscle is the
attachment site for the muscle to the more movable
bone during muscle contraction.
22.7 The body movements produced by skeletal muscles
include flexion, extension, hyperextension,
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction,
rotation, circumduction, pronation, supination,
inversion, eversion, retraction, protraction, elevation,
and depression.
22-65
In Summary (cont.)
22.8 The major muscles of the head are
sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, frontalis,
orbicularis oris and oculi, zygomaticus, platysma,
masseter, and temporalis. The upper extremity
muscles include pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi,
deltoid, subscapularis, biceps brachii, brachialis,
brachioradialis, triceps brachii, supinator and pronator
teres, flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris, plamaris
longus, flexor digitorum profundus, extensor carpi
radialis longus and brevis, and extensor digitorum.
The major respiratory muscles are the diaphragm and
the external and internal intercostals.
22-66
In Summary (cont.)
22.8 (cont.) The abdominal muscles include external and
internal obliques, transverse abdominis, and rectus
abdominis. The pectoral girdle muscles include
trapezius and pectoralis minor. The muscles of the
lower extremity include iliopsoas major; gluteus
maximus, medius, and minimus; adductor longus and
magnus; biceps femoris; semitendinosus and
semimembranosus; rectus femoris; vastus lateralis,
medius, and intermedius; sartorius; tibialis anterior;
extensor digitorum longus; gastrocnemius; soleus;
and flexor digitorum longus.
22-67
In Summary (cont.)
22.9 Strain injuries involve injuries to muscles and/or
tendons. Sprains are more serious injuries that result
in tears to tendons, ligaments, and/or the cartilage of
joints.
22.10 The common diseases of aging include arthritis,

fractures, osteoporosis, and muscular decline. Aging
causes a decline in strength and speed of muscle
contractions. Dexterity and gripping abilities lessen
and mobility often decreases related to skeletal and
muscular decline.
22-68
In Summary (cont.)
22.11 The diseases of the muscular system, as well as their
symptoms and treatments, vary widely and are
discussed in the Pathophysiology section of this
chapter. Some of the common diseases discussed
include botulism, fibromyalgia, muscular dystrophy,
myasthenia gravis, tendonitis, tetanus, and torticollis.
22-69
End of Chapter 22
Everyone has a
risk muscle. You
keep it in shape
by trying new
things. If you
dont, it
atrophies. Make
a point of using
it at least once a
day.
~Roger von Oech

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CHAPTER

22.2 List the three types of muscle tissue and

22.3 Describe how visceral (smooth) muscle

22.4 Explain how muscle tissue generates energy.

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

22.6 Define the terms origin and insertion.

22.7 List and define the various types of body

22.8 List and identify the major skeletal muscles

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

22.10 Describe the changes that occur to the

22.11 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms,

You will focus on the differences among three muscle tissue

Small muscles hold vertebrae

Control of Body Openings and Passages

Apply Your Knowledge

F Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by ligaments.

Types of Muscle Tissue

Types of Muscle Tissue (cont.)

Smooth Walls of hollow Moves contents Involuntary

Cardiac Wall of the heart Pumps blood Involuntary

Following contraction, muscles release the

Smooth Muscle (cont.)

Self-exciting does not need

Cardiac Muscle (cont.)

Apply Your Knowledge

Production of Energy for Muscle

To liver for conversion to Muscle fatigue

Apply Your Knowledge

E Rapid production of energy

Structure of Skeletal Muscles

Connective Tissue Coverings

Connective Tissue Coverings (cont.)

Apply Your Knowledge

Attachments and Actions of Skeletal Muscles

Attachments and Actions (cont.)

Extension straightening a Abduction moving a

Dorsiflexion pointing the Figure of Body

Body Movements (cont.)

Body Movements (cont.)

Pronation turning the

Body Movements (cont.)

Eversion turning the sole Protraction moving a

Body Movements (cont.)

Apply Your Knowledge

The doctor has asked you to abduct the patients leg

ANSWER: Move the patients leg away from its position

Major Skeletal Muscles

Muscles of the Head

Muscles of the Head (cont.)

Arm Muscles (cont.)

Arm Muscles (cont.)

Arm Muscles (cont.)

Wrist, Hand, and Finger Muscles

Wrist, Hand, and Finger Muscles (cont.)

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Click for View of

Click for View of

Gluteus medius and

Leg Muscles (cont.)

Leg Muscles (cont.)

Ankle, Foot, and Toe Muscles

Extensor digitorum longus

Ankle, Foot, and Toe Muscles (cont.)