Reservoir Engineering

Chapter 7: Water influx

Craft & Hawkins (Chapter 8)
Tarek Ahmed (Chapter 10)
Dake (Chapter 9)
Chapter outline
Topic Learning outcomes
Describe the behavior of
steady state and modified
steady state water influx
Calculation models models
Hurst & Van Everdingen Calculate water influx
Fetkovich performance using Hurst &
Calculation of water Van Everdingen model.
influx by Material Calculate water influx
performance using
Balance Equation
Fetkovich model.
Calculate water influx
performance using
material balance equation.
 Introduction
Many reservoirs are bounded by aquifers (water
bearing rocks).

Bounded and formed a Outcrop and replenished by

closed unit surface water
 Aquifers response to
pressure drop
Offset/retard pressure decline by
providing a source of water influx
by;
Expansion of water
Expansion of other hydrocarbon in the
aquifer rock
Compressibility of the aquifer rock
Artesian flow (when the aquifer rises to
a level above the reservoir).
Calculation of the amount of
We
Needed to determine the effect that an aquifer
has on the hydrocarbon production.
Use MBE when N and Np are known.
 Water influx models
Involves many uncertainties
Size
Shape
Aquifer properties (e.g. porosity, permeability)
Time dependence
Steady state
Unsteady state
Flow geometries
Edge-water drive
Bottom-water drive
 Water influx models
Pot aquifer
Schilthuis steady-state
Hursts modified steady-state
The Van Everdingen-Hurst unsteady-state
Edge-water drive
Bottom-water drive
The Carter-Tracy unsteady-state
Fetkovichs method
Radial aquifer
Linear aquifer
 Steady state models
The simplest steady state model is the one
proposed by Schilthuis (1936)
Rate of water influx is directly proportional to (pi-
p), where p is measured at the original OWC.


dWe 0.00708kh


pi p C pi p Where,
dt ra k = permeability of the aquifer,
w ln
re md
h = thickness of the aquifer, ft
ra = radius of the aquifer, ft
We C pi p dt
t

0 re = radius of the reservoir, ft

Also, t = time, days

dWe dN p dN p dW p C is the water influx constant,

Bt ( R Rsoi ) Bg Bw Water influx rate = reservoir
bbl/day/psi
dt dt dt dt voidage rate
 Example 8.1 (pg 278, Craft &
Hawkins)
Given:
The PVT data for Conroe Field.
Calculate the water influx constant when the pressure stabilizes

Pi = 2275 psig
Ps = 2090 psig (stabilized
pressure)
Bt = 7.520 cu.ft/STB at 2090
psig
Bg = 0.00693 cu.ft/SCF at 2090
psig
Rsoi = 600 SCF/STB (initial
solution gas )
R = 825 SCF/STB, from
production data
dNp/dt = 44,100 STB/day
dW /dt = 0
 Example 8.1 (solution)
dWe dN p dN p dW p
Bt ( R Rsoi ) Bg Bw C ( pi p)
dt dt dt dt
dWe
(7.520)( 44,100) (825 600)(0.00693)( 44,100) 0 401,000cu. ft / day
dt
C ( pi p) 401,000
401,000 401,000
C 2170cuft / day / psi
( pi p) (2275 2090)

If the reservoir pressure

If at the end of 10 days, the
suddenly drop from 2275 to
pressure drop from 2275 to
2265 (p = 10 psi), and
2255 (p = 20 psi), and remains
remains there for 10 days;
We1 2170 10 10 217,000cuft there for 20 days;
We 2 2170 20 20 868,000cuft
The cumulative water influx
at the end of 30 days;30
We C ( pi p )dt 2170 (2275 2265) 10 (2275 2255) 20
0

1,085,000cuft
Example 8.1 (solution)
t
We C ( pi p )dt Area under the
0
graph
Hursts modified Steady-state model
One of the problems in the Schilthuis Steady-state model is that
as water is drained from the aquifer, the distance that the water
has to travel to the reservoir increases.
Hurst suggested modification by including logarithmic term to
account for this increasing distance.
The Hurst method has limited application and is infrequently
used.

t ( pi p)dt
We c' Where,
0 log( at )
C is the water influx constant
dWe c' ( pi p) (bbl/day/psi)

dt log( at )
(pi p) is the boundary pressure
drop (psi)

a is a time conversion constant

 Unsteady-state model
In nearly all applications, the steady-state models are
not adequate in describing water influx
Time- dependent term needs to be included
Applied to both;
edge-water drive (negligible flow in vertical direction)
bottom-water drive (significant vertical flow).
The van Everdingen and Hurst
Edge-Water Drive Model
The radial diffusivity
equation;
2 p 1 p ct p

r 2 r r 0.0002637 k t

Inner boundary condition;

P = constant = pi p at
r = rR
Initial condition;
P = pi for all values of r

Outer boundary condition;

For an infinite aquifer:
p = pi at r =

For a finite aquifer:

p
0 at r re
r
 The van Everdingen and Hurst
Edge-Water Drive Model
The diffusivity equation can be written in terms of dimensionless
parameters;
Dimensionless time: kt
t D 0.0002637
ct rR2
Dimensionless
r
radius: rD
rR

Dimensionless pi p
pressure: pD
pi pwf
Then
, 2 pD 1 pD pD

rD
2
rD rD t D

Van Everdingen and Hurst converted the solutions to

dimensionless, cumulative water influx, WeD presented in
Table 8.1 & 8.2 (Craft & Hawkins), and Figures 8.7 to 8.10
 Calculation of WeD
The water influx can
be calculated by;

We B' pWeD

where

B' 1.119ct rR2 h
360

Is the angle
subtended by the
reservoir
circumference
 Example 8.1 (pg 283 C & H)
Calculate the water influx after 100 days, 200 days, 400 days,
and 800 days into a reservoir the boundary pressure of which is
suddenly lowered and held at 2724 psia (pi = 2734 psia).

Given:
= 0.20 k = 83 md
ct = 8(10)-6 psi-1 rR = 3000 ft
re = 30,000 ft = 0.62 cp
= 360o h = 40 ft

Solution:
kt (83t )
t D 0.0002637 0.00245t
ct rR2
0 . 0002637

(0.20)(0.62) 8(10) 6 (3000) 2

B' 1.119ct rR2 h

360

1.119(0.20) 8(10) 6 (3000) 2 (40)
360
360
644.5

Example 8.1

At 100 days;

tD = 0.00245t
= 0.00245(100 x 24) =
5.88

re/rR = 30,000/3000 = 10

We B ' pWeD
644.5(10)(5)
32,225bbl
WeD =
5
5.8
8
Example 8.2
 Example 8.1 (pg 283 C & H)
Solution:
t = 100 t = 200 t = 400 t = 800
days days days days

tD = 5.88 11.76 23.52 47.04

WeD = 5 8.43 13.90 22.75
We = 54,330 89,590 146,600
32,225
 Example 8.2 (C & H)
Supposed in Example 8.1, at the end of 100 days, the reservoir
boundary pressure suddenly drops to p2 = 2704 psia (i.e., p2 = p1
p2 = 20 psi, not pi p2 = 30 psi.
Calculate the water influx at 400 days total time.

From Example 8.1, the water influx due to the first pressure drop,
p1 (10 psi) was 89,590 bbl.

The second pressure drop acted for 300 days = 400 100.

At 300 days;

tD = 0.00245t
= 0.00245(300 x 24) =
17.6

re/rR = 30,000/3000 = 10
Example 8.2

At 300 days;

tD = 0.00245t
= 0.00245(300 x 24) =
17.6

re/rR = 30,000/3000 = 10

WeD =
11
We B' pWeD
644.5(20)(11)
17.
141,790bbl 6
 Example 8.2 (C & H)
Using the principle of superposition;

We _ total B' pWeD

We1 We 2
89,590 141,790 231,380bbl
 Example 8.3 (C & H)
Calculation of water influx at two successive
time values.
Calculate the water influx at the
third and fourth quarter years of
production for the reservoir shown
in Fig. 8.13.
Use = 0.209; k = 275 md
(average reservoir permeability,
presumed the same for aquifer)
= 0.25 cp; ct = 6 x 10-6 psi-1; h =
19.2 ft;
Area of the reservoir = 1216 ac;
Estimated area of the aquifer =
250,000 ac;
= 180o.
 Example 8.3 (C & H)
1
A rR2
2
A 1216 43560
rR2 33721087
0.5 0.5
rR 5807 ft

kt (275t )
t D 0.0002637 0.00686t
ct rR
2
0 . 0002637
6

(0.209)(0.25) 6(10) (5807) 2

For t = 0ne quarter year = 365/4 = 91.3 days

t D 0.00686t 0.00686 91.3 24 15.0

B' 1.119ct rR2 h

360

1.119(0.209) 6(10) 6 (5807) 2 (19.2)
180
455
360
Example 8.3
(C & H)
re 250,000
216
rR 1216

Can be considered
as infinite aquifer

For tD = 15, WeD =

10
Example 8.3 (C & H)
 Step Pressures
Pi, P1, P2, P3,are the observed reservoir pressures at time = 0,
t1, t2, t3,etc (measured at the original OWC or GWC).
pi p1 p1 p2 p j 1 p j
p1
The average pressures; p2 pj
2 2 2

The pressure
drops; p0 pi p1 pi
pi p1 pi p1
2 2

p1 p1 p2
pi p1 p1 p2 pi p2
2 2 2

p j p j p j 1
p j 1 pj

p j p j 1

p j 1 p j 1
2 2 2

(From Dake,
Example 8.3 (C & H)
Coats , Allard and Chen model

BOTTOM-WATER DRIVE
 The Coats, Allard & Chen
Bottom-Water Drive Model
Recall the radial diffusivity
equation;
2 p 1 p ct p

r 2 r r 0.0002637 k t

For Bottom-Water drive, where vertical flow is significant,

Coats, Allard & Chen include additional term;

2 p 1 p 2 p ct p
Fk where Fk is the ratio of
r 2 r r z 2 0.0002637 k t
vertical to horizontal
permeability.
Using dimensionless distance, z
zD
zD; rR Fk1/ 2

2 pD 1 pD 2 pD pD

rD 2
rD rD z D
2
t D
 The Coats, Allard & Chen
Bottom-Water Drive Model
Coats, Allard and Chen defined the water influx constant, B as

B' 1.119hct rR2

The solutions presented by Allard and Chen in Table 8.6 to 8.10

(Craft & Hawkins) as a function of two dimensionless parameters

re
rD'
rR

h
z 'D
rR Fk1/ 2
 Example 8.4 (C&H)
Calculate the water influx as a function of time for the reservoir data
and boundary pressure data that follow:
Time in Average
Given: days boundary
rR = 2000 ft re = (t) pressure,
psia (PB)
h = 200 ft k = 50 md 0 3000

Fk = 0.04 = 0.10 30 2956

60 2917
= 0.395 cp ct = 8 x 10-6 psi-1 90 2877
120 2844
150 2811
180 2791
210 2773
240 2755
 Example 8.4 (solution)
re
rD'
rR

h 200
z 'D 0.5
rR Fk1/ 2 2000(0.040)1/ 2

B' 1.119hct rR2 1.119(0.10)( 200)(8 10 6 )( 2000) 2 716 bbl / psi

kt (50t )
t D 0.0002637 0.0104t
ct rR
2
0 . 0002637
6

(0.10)(0.395) 8(10) (2000) 2
 Example 8.4 (solution)
Time in Dimensinl WeD Average Step Water
days ess time (from Table boundar press Influx, M
(t) (tD = 8.6) y ure bbl
0.0104t) pressur (P) (We)
e, psia
(PB)
0 0 0 3000 0 0
30 7.5 5.038 2956 22.0 79
60 15.0 8.389 2917 41.5 282
90 22.5 11.414 2877 39.5 572
120 30.0 14.263 2844 36.5 933
150 37.5 16.994 2811 33.0 1353
180 45.0 19.641 2791 26.5 1810
210 52.5 22.214 2773 19.0 2284
240 60.0 24.728 2755 18.0 2782
Example 10-6 (T. Ahmed)
 Example 10-6 (solution)
Step 1: calculate the total compressibility for the aquifer
ct cw c f (0.7 0.3) 10 6 1 10 6 psi 1

Step 2: calculate the water influx constantB' 1.119ct rR2 h
360
360
B 1.119(0.2)(1 10 6 )( 2000 2 )( 25) 22.4
360
Step 3: calculate the dimensionless time
kt
t D 0.0002637
ct rR2
Example 10-6 (solution)
Example 10-7 (T. Ahmed)
 The Carter-Tracy Model
Van Everdingen-Hurst method provides exact solution
but involves tedious calculation due to the
superposition required.
Carter and Tracy proposed a method which is more
direct.
The Carter-Tracy technique assumes constant water
influx rates over each finite time interval
The cumulative water influx at any time t n, can be
calculated directly from the previous value obtained
at tn-1
The Carter-Tracy method is not an exact solution to
the diffusivity equation and should be considered an
approximation.
The Carter-Tracy Model
The Carter-Tracy Model
 The Carter-Tracy Model

Example 10-9 in Tarek Ahmed demonstrates

the Carter-Tracy method
 Example 10-9 (T. Ahmed)
Rework Example 10-7 by using the Carter-Tracy
method.
From Example 10-7;

B = 22.4 bbl/psi

tD = 0.0412t
Example 10-9 (solution)
 Example 10-9 (solution)

Bpn (We ) n 1 ( p ' D ) n

(We ) n (We ) n 1 (t D ) n (t D ) n 1
( p )
D n (t )
D n 1 ( p ' )
D n
Comparison between Carter-Tracey
method and van Everdingen-Hurst
method
The previous example indicates that the
Carter-Tracy method overestimates the water
influx
This is due to the large time step used (6
months)
Accuracy of the Carter-Tracy method can be
increased substantially by restricting the
time step to less than 30 days (t = 30 days)
Recalculating using monthly basis produces
an excellent match (next slide)
 The Fetkovichs Model
Approximates water influx for finite aquifer for radial
and linear geometries
Simplify the calculation using an aquifer material
balance and an equation that describes the flow
rate from the aquifer
Based on the premise that water influx rate is
directly proportional to the pressure drop between
the average aquifer pressure and the pressure at
the boundary
Neglects the effect of transient period since the
productivity index equation require pseudo-steady
state flow conditions.
The Fetkovichs Model
The Fetkovichs Model

10-
39
The Fetkovichs Model
The Fetkovichs Model
The Fetkovichs Model procedure
The Fetkovichs Model procedure
The Fetkovichs Model procedure
Example 10-10 (Tarek Ahmed)