Match the number and the pattern from the coded table below with the letters

from the table to reveal the class topic.

Example 3<><. 4;-) equals SO

;-) <>< :-O

1 E O R

2 C V N

3 V S I
2;-) 1<>< 2:-O 3;-) 1;-) 1:-O 3<>< 3:-O 4;-) 4<><
4 O N T
CONVERSION
Conversion of Timber

Grade 8
The Conversion of timber process
video clip of the conversion process
 What is conversion of timber
The process of cutting logs into timber is
called conversion.
There are several methods of conversion,
each of which has some special
advantage. For some timbers conversion
must take place before the log has time to
dry out and shrink.
 What are some of the factors that
determine the type of cut?
The way the cuts are made will depend on
several factors ,some of which are:
The type of sawing machine
The condition of the log
Economy
The size of log
The wood species
The end use of resulting timber
What are the types of sawn
Lumber?
Methods of conversion of timber
There are three main methods of conversion
of timber. They are :
Plain sawn
Quarter sawn
Rift sawn
 Plain sawn
Plain sawn which is sometimes called
through-and-through or slash sawing. In
plain sawing, the saw cut forms a tangent
to one of the annual rings. There are
several variations of plain sawing
Picture of plain sawn
 Plain Sawn
Advantages of plain sawn
The log is easily-manipulated and frequent
turning is not required.
There is no waste of timber.
It is a cheaper method
Disadvantage of plain sawn
It has the disadvantage that shrinkage may tend
to warp and split the boards.
They also tend to absorb more moisture from the
air which can also lead to unwanted movement
 Quarter Sawn
Quarter sawn lumber comes at a premium
due to the labor it takes to mill each plank.
To mill quarter sawn wood, each log is
sawed at a radial angle into four quarters.
Then each quarter is plain sawn. This
method of quarter sawing does leave
some waste, but much less than rift sawn
lumber.
 Quarter sawn
In quarter sawing , the saw cut is made at
right angles to the annual rings. This
method is used particularly to produce
figured oak. A quarter sawn board will
therefore expose the rays where as a plain
sawn one would cut across them.
Picture of Quarter sawn
 Quarter sawn
Advantages of Quarter Sawn
Smoother surface due to less distinct grain
Decreased expansion and contraction on the planks
width
Twisting, cupping, and warping resistance
Ages evenly over time
Chances of surface checking are significantly reduced
More resistant to moisture penetration
Enhanced paint retention
 Quarter sawn
Disadvantage of Quarter Sawn
The cutting operation is much more
complicated and involves more waste.
The boards are rather narrow.
It is an expensive method
 Rift sawn
Milling rift sawn lumber takes more time
and labor. It also has unique benefits over
quarter and plain sawn lumber. Furniture
makers depend on this cut of wood for the
vertical grain that is shown from all sides.
This linear grain pattern is achieved by
milled perpendicular to log's growth rings.
The log is milled carefully on an angle
between 45 to 75.
Rift sawn
 Rift sawn
Advantages of Rift Sawn
Ideal for custom furniture makers to use for
table, chair and other straight pieces
The most dimensionally stable cut of lumber
available
Unique, linear appearance on both sides of the
lumber planks
Rift sawn lumber is dimensionally superior to
both plain sawn and quarter sawn lumber.
 Rift Sawn
Disadvantage of Rift Sawn
they also produce the most waste.
rift sawn lumber will cost more per board
foot than either quarter sawn and plain
sawn lumber.
Plain and Quarter
 Sawn lumber

Plain Sawn vs Quarter Sawn vs Rift Sawn

Faster to produce More stable than plain sawn lumber
More affordable Increased moisture resistance
Displays varied grain patterns & the Less likely to cup, twist & warp
unique "cathedral" appearance Beautiful ribbon aka "fleck" patterns are
Readily available prevalent in species like White Oak & Red
Oak
Less expensive than rift sawn lumber
Ideal for custom furniture makers to use
for table, chair and other straight pieces
The most dimensionally stable cut of
lumber available
Unique, linear appearance on both sides
of the lumber planks
Plain sawn Vs Quarter sawn
 Why is it important to have allowance cut the
logs into timber?
When sawing, an allowance is made for
shrinkage and for planing the boards to
the required finished sizes.
summary
 classwork
Write a letter to their best friend telling him
or her how logs are converted into timber .