Chemical Bonding

Chapter 12a
Chemical Bonding
Chapter 12
Table of Contents
12.1 Types of Chemical Bonds

12.2 Electronegativity
12.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments
12.4 Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions
12.5 Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds
Chapter 12
Table of Contents
8
Bonding,
I want youthe to
way atoms
meet a are attracted
friend to
of mine?
each other to form molecules, determines
nearly all of the chemical properties we see.
And, as we shall see, the number 8 is very
important to chemical bonding.
Chapter 12
Questions to Consider
What is meant by the term chemical bond?

Why do atoms bond with each other to form
compounds?
How do atoms bond with each other to form
compounds?
4
Section 12.1
Types of Chemical Bonds
A Chemical Bond
No simple, and yet complete, way to define this.
Forces that hold groups of atoms together and make
them function as a unit.
A bond will form if the energy of the aggregate is lower
than that of the separated atoms.
Bond energy energy required to break a chemical bond
Return to TOC
Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5

Section 12.1
Ionic Bonding
Ionic compound results when a metal reacts with a
nonmetal.
Electrons are transferred.
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Section 12.1
Covalent Bonding
A covalent bond results when
electrons are shared by nuclei.
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Section 12.1
Polar Covalent Bond

Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms in a molecule.
One atom attracts the electrons more than the other atom.
Results in a charge separation in the bond (partial positive
and partial negative charge).
Return to TOC

Section 12.1
Concept Check
What is meant by the term chemical bond?
Why do atoms bond with each other to form

molecules?
How do atoms bond with each other to form

molecules?
Return to TOC

Section 12.2
Electronegativity
The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract

shared electrons to itself.
For a molecule HX, the relative
electronegativities of the H and X atoms are
determined by comparing the measured HX
bond energy with the expected HX bond
energy.
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10
Section 12.2
Electronegativity
On the periodic table, electronegativity generally

increases across a period and decreases down a
group.
The range of electronegativity values is from 4.0
for fluorine (the most electronegative) to 0.7 for
cesium and francium (the least electronegative).
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11
Section 12.2
Electronegativity
Electronegativity Values for Selected Elements
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Section 12.2
Electronegativity
Concept Check
If lithium and fluorine react, which has more

attraction for an electron? Why?
In a bond between fluorine and iodine, which

has more attraction for an electron? Why?
Return to TOC

Section 12.2
Electronegativity
Concept Check
What is the general trend for electronegativity

across rows and down columns on the
periodic table?
Explain the trend.
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Section 12.2
Electronegativity
The polarity of a bond depends on the difference

between the electronegativity values of the atoms
forming the bond.
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Section 12.2
Electronegativity
Exercise
Arrange the following bonds from most to least

polar:
a) NF OF CF
b) CF NO SiF
c) ClCl BCl SCl
a) CF, NF, OF
b) SiF, CF, NO
c) BCl, SCl, ClCl Return to TOC

Section 12.2
Electronegativity
Concept Check
Which of the following bonds would be the

least polar yet still be considered polar
covalent?
MgO CO OO SiO NO
Return to TOC

Section 12.2
Electronegativity
Concept Check
Which of the following bonds would be the

most polar without being considered ionic?
MgO CO OO SiO NO
Return to TOC

Section 12.3
Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments
Dipole Moment
Property of a molecule whose charge distribution
can be represented by a center of positive
charge and a center of negative charge.
Use an arrow to represent a dipole moment.
Point to the negative charge center with the
tail of the arrow indicating the positive center
of charge.
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Section 12.3
Dipole Moment in a Water Molecule
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Section 12.3
The polarity of water affects its properties.
Permits ionic compounds to dissolve in it.
Causes water to remain liquid at higher temperature.

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Section 12.4
Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions
Group 1 metals always form 1+ cations.
Group 2 metals always form 2+ cations.
Aluminum in Group 3 always forms a 3+ cation.
Group 7 nonmetals form 1 anions.
Group 6 elements always form 2 anions.
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22
Section 12.4
The Formation of Ions by Metals and Nonmetals
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Section 12.4
Electron Configurations of Ions
1. Representative (main-group) metals form ions

by losing enough electrons to achieve the
configuration of the previous noble gas.
2. Nonmetals form ions by gaining enough
electrons to achieve the configuration of the
next noble gas.
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24
Section 12.4
Electron Configurations and Bonding
1. When a nonmetal and a Group 1, 2, or 3 metal

react to form a binary ionic compound, the ions
form so that the valence-electron configuration
of the nonmetal achieves the electron
configuration of the next noble gas atom. The
valence orbitals of the metal are emptied to
achieve the configuration of the previous noble
gas.
2. When two nonmetals react to form a covalent
bond, they share electrons in a way that
completes the valence-electron configurations of
both atoms.
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Section 12.4
Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Chemical compounds are always electrically neutral.
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Section 12.4
Concept Check
What is the expected ground state electron

configuration for Te2?
a) [Kr]5s24d105p4
b) [Kr]5s24d104f145p6
c) [Kr]5s24d105p6
d) [Ar]5s24d105p2
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Section 12.4
Concept Check
What is the correct electron configuration for the most

stable form of the sulfur ion in an ionic compound?
a) 1s22s22p63s2
b) 1s22s22p63s23p2
c) 1s22s22p63s23p4
d) 1s22s22p63s23p6
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Section 12.5
Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds
Structures of Ionic Compounds

Ions are packed together to maximize the attractions
between ions.
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Section 12.5
Structures of Ionic Compounds

Cations are always
smaller than the parent
atom.
Anions are always larger
than the parent atom.
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30
Section 12.5
Isoelectronic Series
A series of ions/atoms containing the same
number of electrons.
O2, F, Ne, Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+
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Section 12.5
Concept Check
Choose an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a

noble gas, and a halogen so that they constitute an
isoelectronic series when the metals and halogen are
written as their most stable ions.
What is the electron configuration for each species?
Determine the number of electrons for each species.
Determine the number of protons for each species.
Rank the species according to increasing radius.
Rank the species according to increasing ionization
energy.
Na+Mg2+NeF,[Ne]10electrons,1112910protons,
alreadyinorderofsizeandIEexceptswitchFandNeforIE. Return to TOC

Section 12.5
Concept Check
Rank the following from smallest to largest atomic

radius:
Ar, S2, Ca2+, K+, Cl
a) Ar < K+ < Ca2+ < S2 < Cl

b) Ca2+ < K+ < Ar < Cl < S2
c) Ar < Cl < S2 < Ca2+ < K+
d) S2 < Cl < Ar < K+ < Ca2+
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Section 12.5
Concept Check
Which atom or ion has the smallest radius?
a) O2+
b) O+
c) O
d) O2
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Section 12.5
Putting Ions Together
Na+ + Cl- = NaCl Ca+2 + Cl- = CaCl2
Ca+2 + O-2= CaO Na+ + O-2 = Na2O
Al+3 + S-2 = Al2S3 Ca+2 + N-3 = Ca3N2
You try these!
Li+ + Br- = LiBr Mg+2 + F- = MgF2
Al+3 + I- = AlI3 NH4+ + PO4-3 = (NH4)3PO4

Not NH43PO4
Sr+2 + P-3 = Sr3P2 K + Cl = KCl
+ -
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Section 12.5
Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic ions work in the same way as simple
ions.
The covalent bonds hold the polyatomic ion
together so it behaves as a unit.
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36
W Section 12.5
Chapter 12b
Chemical Bonding
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37
Section 12.5
12.6 Lewis Structures
12.7 Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds
12.8 Molecular Structure
12.9 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model
12.10Molecular Structure: Molecules with Double
Bonds
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38
Section 12.6
Lewis Structures
Lewis Structure
Shows how valence electrons are arranged among
atoms in a molecule.
Most important requirement
Atoms achieve noble gas electron configuration (octet
rule, duet rule).
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39
Section 12.6
Lewis Structures
Writing Lewis Structures

Bonding pairs are shared between 2 atoms.
Unshared pairs (lone pairs) are not shared and not
involved in bonding.
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Section 12.6
Lewis Structures
Rules to Write Dot Structures
1. Write a skeleton molecule with the lone atom in the
middle (Hydrogen can never be in the middle)
2. Find the number of electrons needed (N)
(8 x number of atoms, 2 x number of H atoms)
3. Find the number of electrons you have (valence e-'s) (H)
4. Subtract to find the number of bonding electrons (N-H=B)
5. Subtract again to find the number of non-bonding
electrons (H-B=NB)
6. Insert minimum number of bonding electrons in the
skeleton between atoms only. Add more bonding if needed
until you have B bonding electrons.
7. Insert needed non-bonding electrons around (not
between) atoms so that all atoms have 8 electrons around
them. The total should be the same as NB in 5 above.
Return to TOC
Section 12.6
Lewis Structures Let's Try it!
H O H Water H2O
1.S 2 x 2 = 4 for Hydrogen
1 x 8 = 8 for Oxygen
2.N
4+8=12 needed electrons 12 N
2 x 1 = 2 for Hydrogen - 8H
3.H
1 x 6 = 6 for Oxygen - 4B
You have 8 available electrons
4.B 4 NB
12 - 8 = 4 bonding electrons
5.NB H:O:H
6.E
8 4 = 4 non-bonding electrons ..
.. H:O:H
H:O:H

Return to TOC
Section 12.6
H
HNH Ammonia NH3
1.S
3 x 2 = 6 for Hydrogen
1 x 8 = 8 for Nitrogen
2.N
3 x 1 = 3 for Hydrogen - 8H
3.H
1 x 5 = 5 for Nitrogen - 6B
4.B 2 NB
5.NB H
..
6.E
8 6 = 2 non-bonding electrons H:N:H
H
.. H
..
H:N:H H:N:H
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Section 12.6
OCO Carbon Dioxide CO2
1.S
1 x 8 = 8 for Carbon
2.N
1 x 4 = 4 for Carbon - 16 H
3.H
2 x 6 = 12 for Oxygen - 8B
4.B 8 NB
5.NB
16 8 = 8 non-bonding electrons O::C::O
6.E
.. .. .. ..
O::C::O O::C::O

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Section 12.6
O
1.S OCO Carbonate CO3-2
2.N 1 x 8 = 8 for Carbon
3 x 6 = 18 for Oxygen - 24 H
3.H
1 x 4= 4 for Carbon - 8B
You have 22 + 2 more available e-'s
16 NB
4.B 32 - 24 = 8 bonding electrons
O
..
5.NB 24 8 = 16 non-bonding electrons O::C:O
.. ..
-2
:O:
.. .. ..
6.E .. :O:
.. ..
O::C: O: O::C: O:

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Section 12.6
Lewis Structures
Concept Check
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the

following molecules:
H2
F2
HF
CH4
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Section 12.7
Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds
Single bond covalent bond in which 1 pair of electrons

is shared by 2 atoms.
HH
Double bond covalent bond in which 2 pairs of
electrons are shared by 2 atoms.
O=C=O
Triple bond covalent bond in which 3 pairs of
electrons are shared by 2 atoms.
NN
Return to TOC

Section 12.7
Resonance
A molecule shows resonance when more than one
Lewis structure can be drawn for the molecule.
NO3 = 24e
O O O O O O
N N N
O O O
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Section 12.7
Some Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Boron tends to form compounds in which the boron
atom has fewer than eight electrons around it (it does
not have a complete octet).
BH3 = 6e
H
H B H
Molecules containing odd numbers of electrons like NO

and NO2.
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Section 12.7
Concept Check
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the

following molecules:
f
BF3 f f
CO2
CCl4
CN
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50
Section 12.7
Concept Check
Consider the following compounds:

CO2 N2 CCl4
Which compound exhibits resonance?
a) CO2
b) N2
c) CCl4
d) At least two of the above compounds exhibit
resonance.
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Section 12.7
Concept Check
Which of the following supports why Lewis structures are not a

completely accurate way to draw molecules?
a) We cannot say for certain where an electron is located yet

when drawing Lewis structures, we assume the electrons are
right where we place them.
b) When adding up the number of valence electrons for a
molecule, it is possible to get an odd number which would make
it impossible to satisfy the octet rule for all atoms.
c) Both statements 1 and 2 above support why Lewis structures
are not a completely accurate way to draw molecules.
d) Lewis structures are the most accurate way to draw molecules
and are completely correct.
Return to TOC

Section 12.8
Molecular Structure
Three dimensional arrangement of the atoms in

a molecule.
Bond Angle 180o ~120o ~109o

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53
Section 12.8
Molecular Structure
Linear structure atoms in a line

Carbon dioxide
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Section 12.8
Molecular Structure
Trigonal planar atoms in a triangle

Boron trifluoride
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Section 12.8
Molecular Structure
Tetrahedral structure
Methane
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Section12.8
Section 12.9
Molecular Structure
VSEPR Model
VSEPR: Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion.
The structure around a given atom is determined
principally by minimizing electron pair repulsions.
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57
Section12.8
Section 12.9
Molecular Structure
Two Pairs of Electrons

BeCl2
180
Linear
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Section12.8
Section 12.9
Molecular Structure
Three Pairs of Electrons

BF3
120
Trigonal planar
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Section12.8
Section 12.9
Molecular Structure
Four Pairs of Electrons

CH4
109.5
Tetrahedral
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Section12.8
Section 12.9
Molecular Structure
Steps for Predicting Molecular Structure Using the VSEPR Model
1. Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule.

2. Count the electron pairs and arrange them in
the way that minimizes repulsion (put the pairs
as far apart as possible).
3. Determine the positions of the atoms from the
way electron pairs are shared (how electrons
are shared between the central atom and
surrounding atoms).
4. Determine the name of the molecular structure
from positions of the atoms.
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Section12.8
Section 12.9
Molecular Structure
Arrangements of Electron Pairs and the Resulting Molecular
Structures for Two, Three, and Four Electron Pairs
Return to TOC

Section 12.8
Molecular Structure
Molecular Shapes
and bond angles
from Lab Book
Figure
2 Electron Grps = 180o

3 Electron Grps = ~120o
4 Electron Grps = ~109o
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63
Section12.8
Section 12.10
Molecular Structure
Molecules with Double Bonds

When using the VSEPR model to predict the molecular
geometry of a molecule, a double or triple bond is
counted the same as a single electron pair.
CO2
Return to TOC

Section12.8
Section 12.10
Molecular Structure
Concept Check
Determine the molecular structure for each of the

following molecules, and include bond angles:
HCN
PH3
SeO2
O3
HCN linear, 180o
PH3 trigonal pyramid, 109.5o (107o)
SeO2 bent, 120o
O3 bent, 120o Return to TOC

Chemical Bonding

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Chapter 12a

12.1 Types of Chemical Bonds

What is meant by the term chemical bond?

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7

Polar Covalent Bond

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 8

What is meant by the term chemical bond?

Why do atoms bond with each other to form

How do atoms bond with each other to form

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 9

The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract

On the periodic table, electronegativity generally

Electronegativity Values for Selected Elements

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 12

If lithium and fluorine react, which has more

In a bond between fluorine and iodine, which

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 13

What is the general trend for electronegativity

Explain the trend.

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14

The polarity of a bond depends on the difference

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15

Arrange the following bonds from most to least

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16

Which of the following bonds would be the

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17

Which of the following bonds would be the

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 18

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19

Dipole Moment in a Water Molecule

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20

Causes water to remain liquid at higher temperature.

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 21

The Formation of Ions by Metals and Nonmetals

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23

Electron Configurations of Ions

1. Representative (main-group) metals form ions

Electron Configurations and Bonding

1. When a nonmetal and a Group 1, 2, or 3 metal

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 25

Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 26

What is the expected ground state electron

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27

What is the correct electron configuration for the most

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28

Structures of Ionic Compounds

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 29

Structures of Ionic Compounds

O2, F, Ne, Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 31

Choose an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 32

Rank the following from smallest to largest atomic

a) Ar < K+ < Ca2+ < S2 < Cl

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Which atom or ion has the smallest radius?

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 34

Ca+2 + O-2= CaO Na+ + O-2 = Na2O

Al+3 + S-2 = Al2S3 Ca+2 + N-3 = Ca3N2

You try these!

Li+ + Br- = LiBr Mg+2 + F- = MgF2