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Module 8
Welding Metallurgy for the
Welding Inspector
COMIMSA Module 8
1. Introduction
Metallurgy
Is the science that deals with the internal structure of metals and the
relationship between those structures and the properties exhibited by
metals.
COMIMSA Module 8
Solids Liquids
The atoms are not however stationary in this positions. In reality they tend
to vibrate about an equilibrium position to maintain a balanced spacing.
Any attempt to force to force the atoms closer together will be counteracted
by repulsive forces which increase as the atoms are pushed closer
together.
Similary, any attempt to pull the atoms further apart will result in a
counteracting attractive force. These attractive forces, however, tend to
decrease as the atoms are pulled further apart
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Residual stresses
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Basic Metal Structures
Crystal Structures
The smallest number of atoms that can completely describe their orderly
arrangement is referred as a unit celd
Solidification of metals
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Alloying
Nonmetal carbon is one of the alloying elements added to iron to form the
alloy steel
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Alloying
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of steel
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additional chemical
composition.
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Heat treatments
(-) (+)
Cooling Rate from austenizing temperature
Heat treatments
Steels quenched to form martensite usually require a tempering heat
treatment to lower their hardness and strength, and improve ductility and
toughness.
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Heat treatments
Cooling Rate
Slow Fast
Hardness (+)
Strength (+)
Ductility (-)
Toughness (-)
Susceptibility (+)
to crack
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Weldability also decreases with alloying elements such as Cr, Mo, Ni,
may require the use of:
Preheat
Interpass temperature control
PWHT
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Heat Input is the amount of energy supplied by the welding arc to heat the
base metal
Carbono equivalente
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2) Peening
2) Peening
Mechanical distortion of the weld
bead trough mechanical means
Preheat
One technique that may be used to reduce the need for PWHT is preheat
Slows cooling rate
Diffusion
Under certain conditions, even atoms in the solid state can change
positions.These changes of atom position in the solid position in the solid
state are referred as diffusion.
Example Pb and Au
Stainless Steel
Martensitic
Austenitic
Stainless Steel
Austenitic Grades
Stainless Steel
Austenitic Grades
This carbides are typically found along the grain boundaries of the
structure
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Stainless Steel
Austenitic Grades
Stainless Steel
Austenitic Grades
Stainless Steel
Ferritic Grades
Martensitic Grades
More difficult to weld and often require special preheating and PWHT.
PH Stainless Steels
One of the major problems when welding cooper and its alloys is due to
their relative low melt point and very high metal conductivity.
Considerable heat must be applied to the metal to overcome its loss
through conductivity, and the relatively low melting point often results in
the metal melting earlier than expected and flowing out of the weld joint.