Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Personal Helping if it
distress Egoistic benefits you
Victims
distress
Helping
Empathic whether it
Altruistic
concern benefits you
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
How do you know which motive is at play? Give
would-be helpers an opportunity to escape and
observe what they do
Empathy/compassion HR deceleration ()
Lack of
Step 4 : Decide how toCompetence
help
Audience Inhibition
Step 5 : Provide help
Pluralistic Ignorance
Tendency, in uncertain situations, for each
person to assume (wrongly) that all others
hold the same unanimous belief
(Everyone else is acting like nothing is
wrong)
Smoke-Filled Room Study (1968)
Time to Alone In a Group In a Group
Seek 1 participant 3 participants 1 participant, 2
Help confederates
Predat
or! Kin selection altruism
toward genetic relatives is
heritable; human and non-human human
animals are more likely to help a
genetic relative than a non-relative in
an emergency Run!
Evolution and Altruism
Reciprocal altruism helping others increases
the likelihood of being helped in return (norm of
reciprocity)
Evolution and Cooperation?
Other Defects $6 $1
Other Other
gets $6 gets $1
Reward for solo defection > Reward for mutual cooperation >
Punishment for mutual defection > Punishment for solo
cooperation
Is Cooperation an Evolved
Strategy?
Tit-for-tat strategy
. Start by cooperating
. Then, respond however partner behaves
(cooperatively or competitively)
. Conveys that you are willing to cooperate,
but unwilling to be exploited
Features of Tit-for-Tat