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Thermodynamics
Rub your hands together for 15 seconds.
Thermal energy
Thermodynamics
The study of the effects of work, heat
flow, and energy on a system
Movement of thermal energy
Engineers use thermodynamics in
systems ranging from nuclear power
plants to electrical components.
SURROUNDINGS
SYSTEM
BOUNDARY
Thermal Energy versus Temperature
Thermal Energy is kinetic energy in transit from
one object to another due to temperature
difference. (Joules)
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of
particles in an object not the total amount of
kinetic energy particles. (Degrees)
Temperature #1 Temperature #2
Heat
Temperature Scales
Scale Freezing Boiling point
point of water of water
Celsius 0C 100C
Fahrenheit 32F 212F
Kelvin 273K 373K
Order Disorder
Firewood has low entropy (molecules in order) when stacked
and high entropy when burning (molecules in disorder).
The total amount of energy in the world does not change, but
the availability of that energy constantly decreases.
Thermal Energy Transfer
Convection
The transfer of thermal energy by movement
of fluid (liquid or gas)
When fluid is heated, it expands, becomes
less dense, and rises.
Boiler heating systems
circulate heat
throughout a home
without pumps through
the use of convection.
Thermal Energy Transfer
Conduction
The transfer of thermal energy within an
object or between objects from molecule to
molecule
Q = m CT
p
Mass of water = 1 kg
J
Cp of water = 4184 kg o C
Q = m C p T Q Al = Q water
kg C
Calculating Energy Transfer
Step 5. Solve for mAl
m Al = 0.46 kg = 460g
Calculating Energy Transfer
Calculate the energy transfer in a wall
section measuring 2m by 1m by 0.04m thick
J Q
with a thermal conductivity of 0.10 s m C .
Opposing sides of the wall section have a
temperature of 10C and 5C after one hour.
Step 1. List all known values
Area of thermal conductivity = A = 2m * 1m = 2m2
J
Thermal conductivity = k =0.10 s mo C
T
Q = (kA ) t
L
5C
Q 0.10 s mC 2m 0.04m 3600s
J 2
Q = 90, 000J
U-Value
Thermal Conductivity of a Material
Overall heat coefficient
The measure of a materials ability to conduct heat
P
U=
**The LOWER the U value, the BETTER
a material is at being an insulator.
AT
W
Metric system
m 2 C
Btu
U.S. customary system ft 2 hr F
R-Value
Thermal Resistance of a Material
How well the object retains the
heat=insulating
The higher the R-value, the higher the
resistance (better insulation!!)
1 P
R= U=
U AT
Bulk R-value =
R-value Object 1 + R-value Object 2 + = Total R-Value
Calculating R-Value
Determine the R-value of the wall cavity below
1 in. foil-faced polyisocyanurate
Fiberglass batt (R=7.20)
(R=19) 1 in. air space
(R=0.17)
5/8 in. drywall Brick 2 x 3 x 8
(R=0.56) (R=0.8)
m2 K 4
Bedroom temperature =T1=65F
Skin temperature =T2 =91.4F
Time in seconds = t = 15.0 minutes = 900.s
Thermal Energy Transfer
Step 2. List all unknown values
P = Rate of energy transfer
Q = Energy transfer
iStockphoto.com
4 4 91.4F =306.15K
Solve for( T2 - T ) 1
65F =291.48K
( T2 4 - T14 )= 1566602759.47K
Thermal Energy Transfer
4
Step 4 (continued). Apply known values to Pnet =Ae T 2 - T 1
4
W
Pnet = 5.6696 10
-8
2 4
m K
1.30m2
0.90 1,566,602,759.47K
Pnet =103.92W
Q = Pt iStockphoto.com
http://www.nrel.gov
Examples of Solar Energy