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INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The traditional ceramic industries, have
as their finished materials a variety of
products that are essentially silicates.
In recent years, new products have been
developed as a result of the materials
that withstand higher temperatures,
resist greater pressures, etc.
What are Ceramics?
pots and other articles made from
clay hardened by heat.
Aceramicis aninorganicnon-metallic
solid made up of eithermetal or non-
metalcompounds that have been
shaped and then hardened by
heating to high temperatures. In
general, they are hard, corrosion-
resistant and brittle.
What are Ceramics?
Ceramic comes from the Greek word
meaning pottery. The clay-based
domestic wares, art objects and building
products are familiar to us all, but pottery
is just one part of the ceramic world.
Nowadays the term ceramic has a more
expansive meaning and includes materials
like glass,advanced ceramicsand some
cement systems as well.
How about Pottery?
pots, dishes, and other articles made
of earthenware or baked clay. Pottery
can be broadly divided into
earthenware, porcelain, and
stoneware.
Pottery is generally considered to be
containers made from clay. "Pot" is a
term used for any number of container
forms.
Introduction
In this particular discussion, we will
tackle about:
Whitewares
Structural Clay Products
Refractories
Specialized Ceramic Products
Enamels and Enameled metal
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HISTORY
History
Burnt clayware has been found
dating from about 15,000 BC
Well developed in Egypt in 5, 000 BC
Various ancient races were found to
have created clay products
independently of each other
History
The advent of cross-fertilization of
silicate chemistry, metallurgy, solid-
state physics, computer-controlled
processes, and advanced automation
modernized methods of fabrication.
It is now possible to produce
ceramics with superior qualities.
History
Recently, new process have been
developed for brickmaking from
inorganic wastes (fly ash, foundry
sand, mine tailings, furnace slag,
etc.)
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HUMAN UTILIZATION
Human Utilization
Building brick
Sewer pipe
Drain tile
Filler in paper
Filler in rubber
Filler in plastics
Filler in paint
Filler in fertilizers
Human Utilization
Fridge magnets
Metals production
Aerospace
Electronics
Automotive
Personal protection
Human Utilization
In modern medicine, advanced ceramics
often referred to as bioceramics play an
increasingly important role. Bioceramics
such as alumina and zirconia are hard,
chemically inert materials that can be
polished to a high finish. They are used as
dental implants and asbonesubstitutes in
orthopaedic operations such as hip and knee
replacement.
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CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMIC
PRODUCTS BASED ON
DEGREE OF VITRIFICATION
Classification of ceramic products
Whitewares
Heavy-clay products
Refractories
Enamels
Glass
Whitewares
Varying amounts of fluxes
Heat at moderately high
temperatures
Varying vitrification
Heavy-clay products
Abundant fluxes
Heat at low temperatures
Little vitrification
Refractories
Few fluxes
Heat at high temperatures
Little vitrification
Enamels
Very abundant fluxes
Heat at moderate temperatures
Complete vitrification
Glass
Moderate fluxes
Heat at high temperatures
Complete vitrification
Classification of ceramic products
WHITEWARES
Whitewares
Whiteware is a generic term for
ceramic products which are usually
white and of fine texture
Because of the different amounts and
kinds of fluxes, there is a
corresponding variation in the degree
of vitrification among whitewares.
Whitewares
Earthenware semivitreous
dinnerware. Porous and
nontranslucent with a soft glaze
Chinaware vitrified translucent
ware with a medium glaze which
resists abrasion to a degree. Used for
nontechnical purposes
Whitewares
Porcelain vitrified translucent ware with
a hard glaze which resists abrasion to the
maximum degree. Includes chemical,
insulating, and dental porcelain
Sanitary ware formerly made from clay,
usually porous. Prefired and sized
vitreous grog is sometimes included in
the triaxial composition
Whitewares
Stoneware one of the oldest
ceramic wares. Crude porcelain not so
carefully fabricated from raw material
of a poorer grade
Whiteware tiles generally classifid
as floor tiles. Resistant to abrasion
and impervious to stain penetration.
May be glazed or unglazed
Whitewares
Stoneware one of the oldest
ceramic wares. Crude porcelain not so
carefully fabricated from raw material
of a poorer grade
Whiteware tiles generally classifid
as floor tiles. Resistant to abrasion
and impervious to stain penetration.
May be glazed or unglazed
Glazing
Important in whitewares and in
tableware
A glaze is a thin coating of glass
melted onto the surface of more-
or-less porous ceramic ware
Glazing
A glaze contains ingredients of
two distinct types in different
proportions:
Refractory materials (feldspar,
silica, china clay)
Fluxes (soda, potash, flourspar, and
borax)
Glazing
glost firing technical term for
the firing of the glaze
Earthenware should be glazed
between 1050 1100 C
Stoneware 1250 to 1300C