Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 23
Functions
Gas exchange
Between air from atmosphere and
blood
Moving air
Ventilation = air transport
Respiration = gas exchange
Protection
guards respiratory membranes
From dry air
Inhaled pathogens
Communication (sounds)
Olfaction (smell)
Respiratory
Anatomy
Nose/Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Shared structure
Larynx/Glottis
Epiglottis blocks
food entry
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (not shown)
Organization of the Respiratory
Respiratory Tract System
Conducting portion
Site of ventilation
Moving air
Nose to
bronchioles
Respiratory
portion
Site of respiration
Exchanging CO2
and O2
bronchioles and
alveoli
Open system:
Nasal filtration
Nasal cavity lined
with hairs
Filters out large
particles
Nasal conchae
Inhaled air contains debris and Boney ridges
pathogens that stir air
Respiratory
Defense System
Respiratory filtration
mechanisms
Mucus
Escalator
Respiratory
mucosa lines
conducting
portion
Cells produce
mucus to catch
particles
Cilia (hairs) sweep
Respiratory
Defense System
Respiratory filtration
mechanisms
Alveolar
Defense
Alveolar
Macrophag
es
Aka Dust
cells
Eat dust
Diffusion
Alveoli distance is
small!
1 capillary bed
wraps each
alveolus
Gasses move
across
respiratory
membrane (2
cells thick) to
enter blood
O2
alveoli
blood
Respiratory
Surfactant
surfaces are
thin and moist
Surfactant
prevents
sticking
Detergent
breaks surface
tension of water
Allows alveoli to
inflate
Produced by
Pneumocyte II
How does Air Move?
Air is moved with pressure gradients
Gradients are created by changing
lung volumes
Diaphragm muscle and rib cage
Inverse relation between P and V
P = 1/V
Pressure (P)
Volume (V)
Figure 23-14b Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation
Diaphragm
Poutside Pinside
Lung Mechanics
More V, Less P; Air Flows In
Lung Mechanics
Less V, More P; Air Flows Out
PCO2 pH
7.357.45
4045
HOMEOSTASIS
mm Hg
PC
O2
pH
pH
P CO 2
Hypercapnia
Acidosis
Hypocapnia
Alkalosis
Neural Control of Breathing
Central chemoreceptors in brain detect
changes in H+ (pH)
Respond to changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal fluid
Fluid around brain
No red blood cells (RBC)
CO2 must be converted to H + in RBC
H+ can diffuse from blood to CSF and activate
chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors in aorta and
carotid artery also respond to CO2 and H+
(pH)
Neural Control of Breathing
CSF
Respiratory Centers and Reflex Controls
CHEMORECEPTORS
Medulla
oblongata
Chemoreceptors and
of carotid
and aortic sinuses
Spinal
Diaphragm cord
Motor neurons
controlling
diaphragm
Motor neurons
controlling other
respiratory muscles
KEY
Stimulation
Phrenic nerve
Inhibition
Figure 23-27 The Chemoreceptor Response to Changes in P CO2
Stimulation Stimulation of
of arterial respiratory muscles
chemoreceptors
A rise in arterial
HOMEOSTASIS Increased respiratory
PCO2 stimulates DISTURBED rate with increased
chemoreceptors that elimination of CO2 at
Increased
accelerate breathing arterial PCO2 alveoli
cycles at the inspiratory
(hypocapnia)
(hypercapni
center. This change
increases the respiratory a)
rate, encourages CO2 loss
at the lungs, and lowers HOMEOSTASIS
arterial PCO2 . HOMEOSTASIS
RESTORED
Start
Normal
Normal
arterial PCO2 2 arterial PCO2
A drop in arterial
PCO2 inhibits these
HOMEOSTASIS
chemoreceptors. In the DISTURBED Decreased respiratory
absence of stimulation rate with decreased
the rate of respiration Decreased
elimination of CO2 at
decreases, slowing the arterial PCO2
alveoli
rate of CO2 loss at the (hypocapnia)
PO2 = 40 Alveolus
PCO 2 = 45
Respiratory
membrane
CO 2
Pulmonary
capillary PO 2 = 100
PCO 2 = 40
Internal Respiration
Interstitial fluid
Systemic
circuit
PO2 = 95
PCO2 = 40
PO2 = 40 O
2
PCO2 = 45
CO
2
Systemic
PO2 = 40 capillary
PCO2 = 45