Unit No.

WiMAX
 Contents
Introduction
Standards
Generic WiMAX Architecture
Core Network
Radio Network
WiMAX Spectrum, Modulation, and Channel Structure
Mixed mode, Interfernce Mitigation Techniques
Frequency Planning, Features and Applications
Security and QoS
Profiles, Handovers
Femto and SON

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 WiMAX Introduction

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

Access
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) 802 committee (802.16 ).
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) (carriers of width of
5MHz or greater can be used )
connectivity at speeds up to 70 Mbps
provide high speed access to about 60
businesses at T1 speeds.
can serve up to a thousand homes in term
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of DSL speed.
 WiMAX Wireless Access
relationship

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 Wireless networks
Wireless PANs (Bluetooth IEEE 802.15)
very low range
wireless connection to printers etc
Wireless LANs (WiFi IEEE 802.11)
infrastructure as well as ad-hoc networks
possible
home/office networking
Wireless MANs (WiMAX-
802.16)
Similar to cellular networks
traditional base station infrastructure
systems

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 WiMAX
Goal: Provide high-speed Internet access
to home and business subscribers, without
wires.

Base stations (BS) and subscriber stations

(SS)

Centralized access control to prevents

collisions

Supports applications with different QoS

requirements
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WiMAX is a subset of IEEE 802.16 standard
 WiMax Vs. WiFi

WiFi connection can transmit up to

54Mbps (under optimal conditions)
WiMAX should be able to handle up to
70Mbps
WiFi's range is about 100 feet (30 m)
WiMAX will blanket a radius of 30 miles
(50 km) with wireless access
due to the frequencies used and the
power of the transmitter.
WiMAX (10-66 GHz frequency)
WiFi (5GHz frequency maximum)
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 WiMax Standards

802.16 802.16a 802.16- 802.16e-

2004 2005
Date December January June December
Complete 2001 2003 2004 2005
d
Spectrum 10-66 GHz < 11 < 11 < 6 GHz
GHz GHz
Operatio LOS Non-LOS Non- Non-LOS
n LOS and Mobile
Bit Rate 32-134 Up to 75 Up to 75 Up to 15
Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps
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Cell 1-3 miles 3-5 miles 3-5 1-3 miles
 IEEE 802.16 standards
802.16.1 (10-66 GHz, line-of-sight, up to 134Mbit/s)
802.16.2 (minimizing interference between coexisting
WMANs)

802.16a (2-11 Ghz, Mesh, non-line-of-sight)

802.16b (5-6 Ghz)
802.16c (detailed system profiles)

802.16e (Mobile Wireless MAN)

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Standard Frequency Band Comments
802.16 1066 GHz WirelessWAN,
HiperAccess
LOS point-to-
multipoint system
Original 802.16
standard (December
2001)
Wireless MAN-SC
Physical layer: Single-
carrier architecture
MAC layer: TDM
structure (FDD and
TDD)
802.16a 211 GHz WiMAX, HiperMAN
licensed bands
NLOS
OFDM physical layer
and OFDMA MAC layer
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Standard Frequency Band Comments
802.16a (formerly b) 56 GHz Unlicensed band
(mesh)
802.16e 450 MHz3.6 GHz Mobility support
Nomadic support
3G (IMT-2000)
802.16m 450 MHz3.6 GHz Mobility
Enhancement to
802.16e
IMT-2000 Advanced
(4G)
Backward-compatible
with 802.16e
Multicarrier Support
(100-MHz bandwidth)
Data Rates (per 20-
MHz channel)
o DL: 300 Mbps

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 Generic WiMAX Architecture

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 WiMAX network architecture
Subscriber Station, SS / Mobile Station, MS : The Subscriber station,
SS may often be referred to as the Customer Premises Equipment, CPE.
These take a variety of forms and these may be termed "indoor CPE" or
"outdoor CPE" - the terminology is self-explanatory. The outdoor CPE has
the advantage that it provides better performance as a result of the better
position of the antenna, whereas the indoor CPE can be installed by the
user. Mobile Stations may also be used. These are often in the form of a
dongle for a laptop, etc.
Base Station, BS: The base-station forms an essential element of the
WiMAX network. It is responsible for providing the air interface to the
subscriber and mobile stations. It provides additional functionality in terms
of micro-mobility management functions, such as handoff triggering and
tunnel establishment, radio resource management, QoS policy
enforcement, traffic classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol)
proxy, key management, session management, and multicast group
managemen

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 ASN Gateway, ASN-GW: The ASN gateway within the WiMAX
network architecture typically acts as a layer 2 traffic aggregation
point within the overall ASN.
The ASN-GW may also provide additional functions that include:
intra-ASN location management and paging, radio resource
management and admission control, caching of subscriber profiles
and encryption keys. The ASN-GW may also include the AAA client
functionality(see below), establishment and management of
mobility tunnel with base stations, QoS and policy enforcement,
foreign agent functionality for mobile IP, and routing to the selected
CSN.
Home Agent, HA: The Home Agent within the WiMAX network is
located within the CSN. With Mobile-IP forming a key element
within WiMAX technology, the Home Agent works in conjunction
with a "Foreign Agent", such as the ASN Gateway, to provide an
efficient end-to-end Mobile IP solution. The Home Agent serves as
an anchor point for subscribers, providing secure roaming with
QOS capabilities

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 Authentication, Authorisation and Accounting Server, AAA:
As with any communications or wireless system requiring
subscription services, an Authentication, Authorisation and
Accounting server is used. This is included within the CSN

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 Types of WiMAX Architecture:
1. Point to Point or Fixed

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 Types of WiMAX Architecture:
2. Point to Multipoint (PMP)

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 Types of WiMAX Architecture:
3. Mesh

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The various interfaces for a WiMAX system
are
R1-R5 and R8
R1is the air interface between the MS and
the ASN

R2is the interface between the MS and

the CSN. The R2 interface enables
authentication, service authorization, IP host
configuration management, and mobility
management. The R2 interface is a logical
interface and is not a physical protocol
interface between the SS and CSN.

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 R3is the interface between the ASN and
CSN and is meant to support AAA, policy
enforcement, and mobility management.
The R3 interface provides the bearer
plane tunneling for IP data between the
ASN and the CSN.
R4interface is the control and bearer
plane protocols within the ASN to
coordinate MS mobility between ASNs.

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 R5is a set of control plane and bearer
plane protocols providing interworking
between CSNs (not shown).
R6is the communication interface
between the BS and the ASN-GW for the
control and bearer plane.
R8is control plane messages for the
bearer plane data flows between the BS
for handovers.

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 Core Network: Connectivity
Service Network (CSN)
Core packet switch (IMS)
Authentication, Authorization, and
Accounting (AAA) server
Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP)
server
Domain Name Service (DNS) server
Network Time Protocol (NTP) server
Home agent
OSS/BSS
Service Edge Router/Gateway
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 Radio Network: Access Network
System (ASN)

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 WiMAX Spectrum
Channel
Frequency Bandwidth
(MHz)
MMDS Multichannel 21502162 and 1.5, 3, 6, 12,
Multiple-Point Distribution 25002690 24
Systems
WCS Wireless 23052320 and 2.5, 5, 10, 15
Communications 23452360
Services (WCSs)
ETSI European 34104200, 1.75, 3.5, 7,
Telecommunications 1000010680 14, 28
Standards Institute (ETSI)
UNII Unlicensed 52505360 and Unspecified
National Information 57255825
Infrastructure
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 WiMax Spectrum

Broad Operating Range

WiMax Forum is focusing on 3 spectrum bands for global
deployment:
Unlicensed 5 GHz: Includes bands between 5.25 and 5.85
GHz. In the upper 5 GHz band (5.725 5.850 GHz) many
countries allow higher power output (4 Watts) that makes it
attractive for WiMax applications.
Licensed 3.5 GHz: Bands between 3.4 and 3.6 GHz have
been allocated for BWA in majority of countries.
Licensed 2.5 GHz: The bands between 2.5 and 2.6 GHz
have been allocated in the US, Mexico, Brazil and in some
SEA countries. In US this spectrum is licensed for MDS
and ITFS.
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 Benefits of Licensed and License-
Exempt Solutions

Licensed Solution License-Exempt

Solution
Better QoS Fast Rollout
Better NLOS Lower Costs
reception at lower
frequencies
Higher barriers for More worldwide
entrance options
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 Technical Similarities and Differences Between
Licensed and License-Exempt Bands

Both solutions are based on IEEE 802.16-2004

standard, which uses OFDM in the physical
(PHY) layer.
OFDM provides benefits such as increased SNR
of subscriber stations and improved resiliency to
multi-path interference.
For creating bi-directional channels for uplink
and downlink, licensed solutions use FDD while
license exempt solutions use TDD.
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 Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

Description A duplexing technique used in license-

exempt solutions, which uses a single
channel for uplink and downlink.
Advantage Enhanced flexibility, easier to pair with
s smart antenna technologies,
asymmetrical.
Disadvantag Cannot transmit and receive at the
es same time.
Usage Bursty, asymmetrical data
applications, environments with varying
traffic patterns, where RF efficiency is
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 Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
Descriptio A duplexing technique used in licensed
n solutions that uses a pair of spectrum
channels, one for the uplink and another
for the downlink.
Advantage Proven technology for voice, designed for
s symmetrical traffic, does not require
guard time.
Disadvantag Cannot be deployed where spectrum is
es unpaired, spectrum is usually licensed,
higher cost associated with spectrum
purchase.
Usage
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Environments with predictable traffic
patterns, where equipment costs are more
 Challenges to Overcome in WiMax
Deployment

RF Interference: Disrupts a transmission and decreases

performance. Common forms are multi-path interference
and attenuation. Overlapping interference generate
random noise.
Infrastructure Placement: The physical structure that
houses or supports the base station must be RF friendly.
A metal farm silo, for example, may distort signals, or a
tree swaying in the wind may change signal strength.
Obstacles such as trees and buildings frequently block
signal paths. High RF activity in the area can cause
interference.

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 Solving the challenges in WiMax
Deployment

Proper network design and infrastructure

placement are critical for solving the challenges.
- Subscriber Site Survey, Statistics Gathering, coordination
of RF use with neighbouring providers.
- Antennas (Type, Tilt Angles, Array Gain, Diversity Gain)
- Proper design and deployment of the providers NOC.
- Well deployed base station or cells with 24/7 access, RF
friendly structure, and shielding from weather elements.

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 Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
All profiles currently defined by the WiMax Forum specify the
256-carrier OFDM air interface.
Allows digital signal to be transmitted simultaneously on multiple
RF carrier waves. Adaptable to NLOS schemes.
Resistant to multi-path effects.
Spectrally efficient technique to transmit wireless digital data.
Able to deliver higher bandwidth efficiency.
There are some obstacles in using OFDM in transmission
system in contrast to its advantages. A major obstacle is that
the OFDM signal exhibits a very high Peak to Average
Power Ratio (PAPR).

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 Scope of 802 standards

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 PHY Layer Features of IEEE 802.16-
2004
Feature Benefit
256 point FFT Built in support for addressing
OFDM waveform multi-path in outdoor LOS and
NLOS environments.
Adaptive Ensures a robust RF link while
Modulation and maximizing the number of
variable error bits/second for each subscriber
correction unit.
encoding per RF
burst
TDD and FDD Addresses varying worldwide
support
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regulations when one or both may
 PHY Layer Features of IEEE 802.16-
2004(Continued)
Feature Benefit
Flexible Channel Sizes Provides the flexibility to
(Can be an integer operate in many different
multiple of 1.25 MHz, 1.5
frequency bands with
MHz, and 1.75 MHz with varying channel
a maximum of 20 MHz. requirements around the
world.
Designed to support Smart antennas can
smart antenna systems. suppress interference and
increase system gain. They
are becoming important to
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 MAC Layer Features of IEEE
802.16-2004
Feature Benefit
TDM/TDMA Efficient bandwidth usage
Scheduled
Uplink/Downlink
frames.
Scalable from 1 to Allows cost effective deployments
hundreds of by supporting enough subscribers
subscribers to deliver a robust business case
Connection- Per Connection QoS
oriented Faster packet routing and
forwarding
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 MAC Layer Features of IEEE
802.16-2004 (Continued)
Feature Benefit
QoS Low latency for delay sensitive services
Optimal transport for video, Data
prioritization
ARQ Improves end-to-end performance by hiding
RF
layer induced errors from upper layer
protocols
Adaptive Enables highest data rates allowed by
Modulation channel
conditions, improving system capacity
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Security Protects user privacy
 WiMax Evolution Path Leads to
Mobile Access

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 802.16e-2005 Standard (Mobile
Wireless MAN)

Ratified in December, 2005

It is an extension of the IEEE 802.16-2004
standard
It covers MAC and PHY layers for Combined
Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed
Bands.
It will enable a mobile user to keep their
connection while moving at vehicular speed
(75-93 miles/h).

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 WiMax Mobility Issues

Device availability is a major issue

- Market introduction may be delayed
- High initial costs will limit adoption growth
In some markets spectrum availability is limited
- Bands < 3 GHz is better suited for mobile access
- Licenses for fixed WiMAX may not allow service provider
to offer mobile services
Current demand for WiMax is mostly for fixed services.
- Underserved Regions, Developing Markets

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 WiMax Mobility Issues (Continued)
Demand for wireless data is growing, but still it is
limited
- Mobile operators may see need for a data-only
technology when demand is higher
- Demand may drive additional spectrum allocations
for wireless mobile data service
WiMax is not going to supplant other wireless
technologies
- It will not replace Wi-Fi in the LAN
- Cellular technologies may still be needed for voice
and data in the WAN
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 WiMax Mobility Issues (Continued)

Competing technologies have a time-to-market

advantage
- Many mobile operators have invested heavily in
3G systems.
Multiple technologies will co-exist as they meet
different needs
Mobility may become a powerful differentiating
factor when competing with DSL or Cable

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 Wireless Device Continuum

Highest speed processor Processor optimized for low power

Larger display consumption & small form factor
Primary Capability

Data
Voi
ce
802.11 & 802.16 3G

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 ITU Definitions

Fixed wireless access (FWA)

Wireless access application in which the location of the end-
user termination and the network access point to be
connected to the end-user are fixed.
Mobile wireless access (MWA)
Wireless access application in which the location of the end-
user termination is mobile.
Nomadic wireless access (NWA)
Wireless access application in which the location of the end-
user termination may be in different places but it must be
stationary while in use.

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 Fixed and Nomadic Mapping
Based on ITU-R Definitions

Fixed Nomadic
Use Service limited to Location of end user
installed area terminal may change but
No roaming between stationary when in use

service areas or
operators
Devic Standalone outdoor Indoor modems
subscriber station Laptops
e

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 Modulation

WiMAX utilizes a variety of modulation

schemes, QAM 4 (PSK), QAM-16, QAM-64,
and QAM-256.
These modulation schemes are used with
OFDM, OFDMA, and Scalable OFDM
(SOFDM).

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 Advantages of OFDMA

subcarrier allocation is dynamic which

provides better trunking efficiency.
high spectral efficiency.
resilient to multipath propagation.
reduced receiver complexity which
provides less cost and minimum battery
consumption.
enables MIMO capability.

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 Channel Structure

WiMAX 802.16d, e, and m all have

different frame structures.
There is legacy support for 802.16e within
802.16m.
each has its own signaling protocols

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 802.16e Frame structure

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 802.16m Frame Structure (FDD)

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 802.16m Frame Structure (TDD)

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 Mixed Mode

Supported in 802.16e and 802.16m.

Same RF carrier, sharing radio resources
dynamically.
TDD multimode operation.

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 Need of Interference Mitigation
Due to frequency reuse interference
mitigation is important.
Needs proper frequency planning.
Cell site optimization.

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 Techniques for Interference
Mitigation
Smart antenna systems (beam steering on
a per-frame basis)
Subgrouping of transmit and receive
frames between adjacent sites (TDD)
Use of adaptive modulation and coding
techniques.
Spatial multiplexing.

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 Frequency Planning

For Fixed WiMAX the channel assignments

are fixed and can be licensed, unlicensed,
or lightly licensed.
For Mobile WiMAX frequency reuse is
utilized.
N = 3 reuse pattern is used.
Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) is used.

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 N=3 Frequency plan

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 FFR examples

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 Features and Applications

Power management: switching between

active and sleep mode
Multicast and Broadcast Service
(MBS): broadcast nature
Multihop Relay: increasing the coverage
of the network by having relay sites.

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 Applications
1) Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with each
other and to other parts of the internet.
2) Providing a wireless alternative to cable
and DSL for last km broadband access.
3) Providing a high-speed mobile data and
telecommunications services (4G).
4) Providing a diverse source of Internet
connectivity as a part of business
continuity plan.
5) Providing Nomadic connectivity.

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 Security
robust level of authentication and security.
At system access.
During the data and sessions.
WiMAX authentication uses X.509 digital
certificates, which is based onPublic Key
The authorization key along with the SS
public key is used to encrypt and protect
the sessions meeting DES security.

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 QoS
Adaptive Modulation
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD)
Time-Division Duplex (TDD)
Orthogonal Frequency-Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)

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WiMAX has three main methods for
QoS provisioning:

Service flow classification: CID and SFID

Dynamic service establishment
Two-phase activation model

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QoS Service Class Description

Unsolicited Grant Service VoIP (without silence

(UGS) suppression)
Real-time Polling Service MPEG video
(rtPS)
Non-real-time Polling FTP
Service (nrtPS)
Best Effort (BE) HTTP, e-mail

Extended Real-time Polling VoIP with silence

Service (ertPS) suppression

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 Profiles
The system profile attributes include the
frequency band, channel bandwidth, and
duplexing scheme.
MAC profile
PHY profile
RF profile
Duplexing method (TDD or FDD)
Power class

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 Origination

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 Handover
WiMAX mobility there are three basic HO
triggers defined
MS-initiated, serving base station
initiated, and serving gateway initiated.
All are hard handover: break-before-make

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 Handover Process

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Features of Femtocell

Operates in the licensed spectrum

Uses fixed broadband connection for backhaul
It is managed by the NAP
The backhaul service provider may be
different from NAP/NSP
Principally intended for home and SOHO
Lower cost than PicoBS
Smaller coverage (low power) than PicoBS
Smaller number of subscriber (ten or less)
than PicoBS
Higher density

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 Deployment
Irregular deployment will incur inevitable
interference

FC FC
FC FC
FC FC
FC FC FC FC
FC
FC MC 1 MC 2
FC FC FC

FC FC FC FC
FC FC FC
FC FC

MC : Macro Cell
FC : Femto Cell
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 SON
Self Organization Networks
the various network nodes and cells are self-aware
and can adapt to the network configuration as it
changes
the update of neighbor nodes and neighbor cells

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