CHILDREN &

VACCINES AROUND Celeste

Bowser

THE WORLD
 WHAT ARE VACCINES?

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired

immunity to a particular disease
Vaccines work by stimulating immune systems to produce
antibodies (substances produced by the body to fight disease) w/o
actually infecting a person with the disease
Vaccines are made from an organism (pathogen) that produces the
disease. The pathogen is a virus or bacterium, that is mass
produced in a lab, then weakened or inactivated, then combined
with other ingredients to produce a vaccine dose
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXMc15dA-vw
 DISEASES PREVENTABLE BY VACCINES

Anthrax
Measles
Rubella
Cholera
Meningococcal disease
Influenza
Diphtheria
Mumps
Tetanus
Hepatitis A
Pertussis
Tuberculosis
Hepatitis B
Pneumoccocal disease
Typhoid fever
Hepatitis E
Poliomyelitis
Tick-born encephalitis
 DEVELOPED VS DEVELOPING

In developed nations, it is relatively easy to have access to

vaccines
1 in 5 children 22.6 million without vaccines (yr 2012)
3 million children die each year from preventable diseases,
mainly in countries in Africa and Asia
in almost 50 countries, nearly two-thirds (60%) of children are
not vaccinated
a child in the developing world is 10 times more likely to die
of a vaccine-preventable disease than a child in a developed
nation
 POLIO

Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease, which

mainly affects young children, transmitted by person-to-
person or less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g.
contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine,
from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause
paralysis.
Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache,
vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs. In a
small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which
is often permanent. There is no cure for polio, it can only be
prevented by immunization
 PAKISTAN & POLIO

Polio is still categorized as an endemic viral infection in

Pakistan, one of 3 countries left in the world like this
Militant violence, refugee displacement, and political chaos
make it hard to eradicate polio in Pakistan
Internally and externally led efforts are stopped by Pakistani
militants, like the Taliban
Works are attacked and killed, health centers are bombed
Taliban claims the polio vaccinations are dangerous to health
and against Islam, are also an effort by Western nations to
sterilize Muslim children
March 2015: Pakistan govt jails 471 parents who refused to
vaccinate children against polio
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pGyQR_0NHw
PAKISTAN & POLIO
 NIGERIA & POLIO

Like Pakistan, Nigeria is a nation dealing with polio

However unlike Pakistan, Nigeria is seeing a sharp decline in
the number of cases of polio
As of early 2015, there have been no reported cases of polio
in Nigeria since July 2014
Success due to national health programs and education on
the disease and vaccines, multi-agency efforts
The recent Ebola outbreak in Nigeria was successfully
stopped in part because the polio eradication tactics were
used
NIGERIA & POLIO
 AUSTRALIA

http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/13/asia/australia-anti-vaccination
-welfare-cut/
April 2015: Parents who refuse to vaccinate children can lose
up to $11,000 of welfare benefits a year under a new
government policy
Number of children who are unvaccinated as doubled in the
past decade
39,000 children under the age of seven have not been
vaccinated
 MEASLES

Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young

children.
In 2013, there were 145 700 measles deaths globally about
400 deaths every day or 16 deaths every hour.
Measles vaccination resulted in a 75% drop in measles deaths
between 2000 and 2013 worldwide.
In 2013, about 84% of the world's children received one dose
of measles vaccine by their first birthday through routine
health services up from 73% in 2000.
During 2000-2013, measles vaccination prevented an
estimated 15.6 million deaths
 UNITED STATES & MEASLES

2015: The USA is experiencing a wide, multi-state outbreak

Trend of parents not vaccinating children due to the belief
that the vaccines cause autism or are dangerous to health,
unnatural
Schools and other institutions often have immunization
requirements, but there are ways to opt out for religious or
personal reasons
Usually less than 100 cases a year, 2015 = 170+ cases
The United States last year reported its highest number of
measles cases in two decades with 644 cases as part of 20
separate outbreaks
UNITED STATES & MEASLES
 AUTISM & VACCINES?

There is no credible link between autism and vaccines

Belief that chemicals and pathogens inside the vaccines
cause the onset of autism, from a study released in the 90s
This belief is popular in Western nations, ex: USA and
Australia
Parents not vaccinating children against diseases like rubella,
measles, and polio, leading to the spread of these diseases
where they were once nearly/were eradicated
This study has been denounced by the medical community
Over the last two decades, extensive research has asked
whether there is any link between childhood vaccinations and
autism. The results of this research are clear: Vaccines do not
cause autism. We urge that all children be fully vaccinated.
-Rob Ring, Chief Science Officer, Autism Speaks
 FUTURE OF THE CHILDREN

Efforts around the world to give children access to vaccines

against preventable diseases
Developed and developing nations involved, and countries
have their own plans tailored to fit their needs unique to their
citizens
Two success stories: India and Nigeria
UNICEF, Bill & Melinda Gates foundation, World Bank,
Rockefeller Foundation, and WHO
8 Millennium Development Goals:
MDG # 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
MDG # 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
 VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rzxr9FeZf1g
 REFERENCES

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/pages/how-vaccines-work.asp
x
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/pages/vaccination-around-the
-world.aspx
http://www.unicef.org/immunization/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/27/world/asia/gunmen-in-pakistan-kill-
4-members-of-anti-polio-campaign.html?_r=0
http://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/measles-cases-climb-102-cdc/story?id=2
8669137
http://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2015/02/12/385759694/nigeria-is-
on-the-verge-of-bidding-goodbye-to-polio
http://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2015/01/08/nigeria-is-paving-the-
way-for-a-polio-free-africa/
https://www.autismspeaks.org/science/policy-statements/information-ab
out-vaccines-and-autism
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism/