NURSING STAT WITH

COMPUTER APPLICATION
By: Genelyn R. Baluyos, MAEd
Course Description:

This course provides students with a clear

understanding of statistics, the benefits
derived from it, and the cautions in its
use. It also presents and discusses the
different statistical techniques for
interpreting the data and information
gathered.
 Parametric as well as non-parametric
statistics are utilized in testing the
hypothesis in order to draw appropriate
inferences, implications or
recommendations.
 Course Requirements:

Examination 50%
Quizzes and Ass 40%
Oral Participation/Attendance 10%
Introduction to Statistics
Objectives:
1. Identify some basic concepts, meaning,
nature and importance of statistics.
2. Distinguish types of data
3. Decide when and how to use the
sampling techniques
4. Explain how data are collected
What is statistics?
The word statistics has many
connotations.
Some of the meanings of the word are :
1. Course of the study
2. Facts and figures
3. A social science
4. A branch of mathematics
5. Sample measurement,
6. Type of distribution used to analyze
data.
7. the science of gathering , presenting,
analyzing and interpreting data.
According to Calmorin, it is defined in 3
ways:
1. Singular
Statistics refers to the branch of
mathematics which deals with the
systematic collection, tabulation,
presentation, analysis, and interpretation
of quantitative data which are collected in
methodological manner without bias.
Statistics in its plural sense denotes a set
of quantitative data or facts.

In its general sense, statistics is divided

into statistical methods and statistical
theory or mathematical statistics.
 Statistical methods indicate those
procedures and techniques used in the
collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of quantitative data.

Similarly, statistical theory or

mathematical statistics deals with the
development and exposition of theories
which constitutes the bases of the
statistical methods (Parel, 1966).
What are the qualities of a good
statistician?
The qualities of a good statistician can
be presented using the acronym
STATISTICIAN

(Scientific, Talented, Active, Tenacious,

Inventive, Skillful, Terrific, Innovative,
Creative, Interpretative, Accurate, and
Noble).
Qualities of Good Statistician

Scientific. A good statistician is

systematic or precise in using the
appropriate statistical tools to arrive the
exact analysis and interpretation.
Talented. A good statistician is brilliant
or gifted with a well-rounded personality.
Active. A good statistician is energetic
in all fields of endeavor.
Qualities of Good Statistician

Tenacious. A good statistician has retentive

memory that can easily recall formulas of
the different statistical tools.
Inventive. A good statistician is also a good
researcher because statistics and research
are inseparable subjects. They are like faces
of the same coin, one face is statistics and
the other face is research. Also, statistics is
the language of research, hence, he invents
or discovers new researches.
Qualities of Good Statistician

Skillful. Another quality of a good

statistician is proficiency in computing the
different statistical data with and without
the use of computer.
Terrific. A good statistician has
extraordinary abilities to arrive
extraordinary achievements.
Innovative. A good statistician is updated
with the latest trends and always finds new
and better ways of doing things.
Qualities of Good Statistician

Creative. A good statistician is

resourceful and uses his own ideas and
abilities to arrive at productive results.

Interpretative. A good statistician

knows how to interpret logically the
statistical results to arrive at scientific
analysis and interpretation.
Qualities of Good Statistician

Accurate. A good statistician is accurate

and careful in computing the data of
different statistical tools.

Noble. A good statistician is dignified

and decent in his profession.
Why Study Statistics?
Generally to make decision
Statistical techniques are used

to make decisions that affect our

daily lives (without knowing it)
Choose the university/hospital
To Buy a car or a house
Choose common stock from the stock
markets

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Why Study Statistics?

Numerical information is
everywhere
No matter what your career, you

will make professional decisions

that involve data

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Scope of Statistics
In Nursing, nurses can use the
knowledge of statistics for seeing or
forecasting the patterns of symptoms
caused in the patients so that they can
be well prepared for coping with the
uncertain situations. The knowledge of
statistics can prove to be highly
beneficial for the people related to
medical field.
Scope of Statistics
Nurses can take advantage from the
previous data archives to study the
patterns of diseases in the patients.
They can use data sheets or frequency
charts for remembering the timings of
medication given to the patients. They
can maintain the temporary record for
the patient under her supervision who is
admitted in the hospital.
Scope of Statistics
Since there are so many events which
have reported death of patients, it is
very necessary for them to make use of
the statistical techniques and data for
the patients' dosages, drugs uses and
side effects etc.
Scope of Statistics
It also provides the health science
students with basic information on
the essential health care statistics,
the use of statistical formulae, and
the interpretation on statistical
calculations for the analysis of
patient health condition.
Scope of Statistics
Dates, test results, diagnoses,
treatment procedures, treatment
outcomes, and assessment can be
found in the patients medical
records, admission and discharge
reports, transfer, are very useful to
physicians to correctly diagnose a
patient and give a precise treatment.
Functions of Statistics
Statistics provides researchers the
means to scientifically measure the
conditions that may be involved in a
given problem and evaluating the way in
which these conditions are related.

Statistics shows the laws underlying

facts and events that cannot be
determined by individual observation.
Functions of Statistics
Statistics shows relations of cause and
effect that otherwise may remain
unknown.

Statistics observes trends and behavior

in related conditions which otherwise
may remain unclear.
Importance of Statistics to Research

Statistics permits the most exact kind of

description.
 Statistics forces the researcher to be
definite and exact in his procedures and
in his thinking.

For instance, is there significant

relationship between the level of burnout
experienced by physicians and their
performance?
 Statistics enables the researcher to
summarize results in a meaningful and
convenient form.
 Statistics enables the researcher to draw
general conclusions. The process of
extracting conclusions is carried out
according to accepted rules.
Objectives of Researcher in Studying
Statistics

To comprehend the logic of statistics

Example: Is there significant relationship
between mathematics and Statistics of
teacher education students at school
ABCD?

-the logic Those students who got high

in Math, also high in Statistics:
Objectives of Researcher in Studying
Statistics

To determine where to apply appropriate

statistical tools in different research
problems and where not to apply them.

To interpret statistical results correctly

and vividly
Objectives of Researcher in Studying
Statistics

To determine the basic mathematics in

statistics

(PEMDAS)
Example: Median
Objectives of Researcher in Studying
Statistics

To master the language of statistics

FOR DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:
Measures of Central Tendency

-Mean

-Median

-Mode
 Point measures
-quartile
-decile
-percentile

Measures of Variability
- range
-quartile deviation
-average deviation
-variance
 -standard deviation

Measures of relativity
-coefficient of variation
-coefficient of quartile deviation

Measures of Skewness
-positively skewed
-negatively skewed
 Measures of kurtosis
-leptokurtic
-platykurtic
 FOR INFERENTIAL STATISTICS::
Tools:
-Chi-square
-T-test
-F-Test or ANOVA
-Correlation Coefficient
-Multiple Regression Analysis
Questions:
1. Of the 12 qualities of a good
statistician, which qualities do you
possess?
2. Compare descriptive statistics with
inferential statistics.
3. Is Statistics important to research?
Why?
 The field of statistics may be classified into
two categories:
Descriptive statistics-is concerned with the
gathering, classification and presentation of
data and the collection of summarizing values
to describe group characteristics of data.

Examples: average salary, means of

managerial satisfaction, and average return of
investment.
 Inferential statistics-pertains to the
methods of dealing with making
inference, estimates or prediction about
a large set of data using information
gathered. It is not merely to provide a
description of a particular data set but
also to make inferences or predictions
based on the available information
gathered.
 Common statistical tools of inferential
stat:
T-test
ANOVA/ F-test
Pearson r
 Examples:
significant relationship between job
satisfaction and performance of
employees.

Significant difference on the impact of

new advertisement and age groups.
Terms Used in Statistics
Variable is a numerical characteristics
or attribute associated with the
population being studied.
Classifications of Variables

Qualitative Variable yields

categorical or qualitative responses. It
refers to the characteristics or attributes
of the samples.

Examples: civil status, religious

affiliation, blood type,
performance rating
 Quantitative are variables that are
classified according to numerical
characteristics.

Examples: height, weight, number of

children, pulse rate
 Kinds of quantitative data:

Discrete- is a variable whose values are

obtained by counting.

Examples: number of children, number of

patients with TB
 A. Discrete variables: can only
assume certain values and there
are usually gaps between values.

EXAMPLE: the number of

bedrooms in a house, or the
number of hammers sold at the
local Home Depot (1,2,3,,etc).
47
Continuous- is a variable whose values
are obtained by measuring. They cannot
be put into a list because they can have
any value in some interval of real
numbers.

Examples: height, weight, temperature

B. Continuous variable can assume
any value within a specified range.

EXAMPLE: The pressure in a tire, the

weight of a pork chop, or the
height of students in a class.
 How about sex, job title, type of illness,
age, room number?

Age is continuous numerical variable.

Sex, job title, type of illness and room

number are categorical variables.
Measurements are usually obtained when
gathering data obtained by any method.

Examples:

Height in inches incidence rate

temp in degree Celsius mortality rate
Age in years
Classifications of Measurements

Nominal is a measurement scale that

classifies elements into two or more
categories or classes , the number
indicating that the elements are different
but not according to magnitude.
Examples:
Sex, Faculty tenure
Cars- toyota, honda
Religion and Sex of Patients
Nominal level - data which are
classified into categories and cannot
be arranged in any particular order.

EXAMPLES: eye color, gender,

religious affiliation.
 Ordinal is a measurement scale that ranks
individuals in terms of degree to which they
possess a characteristic of interest. Data are ranked
from bottom to top or low to high manner.

Example: Anxiety Level of Patients with Mental

Disorder to Hospital Y
1-not anxious
2-low anxiety level
3-moderate
4-high
Nominal level - data that is classified
into categories and cannot be
arranged in any particular order.

EXAMPLES: eye color, gender,

religious affiliation.
 Interval possesses the properties of the
nominal and ordinal levels. The distances
between any two numbers on the scale are
known and it does not have a stable starting
point (an absolute zero).

Example:
the IQ scores of four students 90, 150, 85 and
145.
Temp reading is 0 degree Celsius doesnt mean
that there is no temp in that place.
Interval level - similar to the ordinal
level, with the additional property
that meaningful amounts of
differences between data values can
be determined. There is no natural
zero point.

EXAMPLE: Temperature on the

Fahrenheit scale.
 Ratio Level possesses all the properties of
nominal, ordinal and interval levels. This has
an absolute zero point. Data can be
classified and can be placed in a proper
order.

Examples:

Age, income, performance ratings and

tuition fees, height
Ratio level - the interval level with an
inherent zero starting point.
Differences and ratios are
meaningful for this level of
measurement.
EXAMPLES: Monthly income of
surgeons, or distance traveled by
manufacturers representatives per
month.
Example:
Measuring Happiness with Four
Levels of Measurement
Nominal (the lowest level)

Where numbers only represent

names.
For example, if we asked people
whether they are happy they will
answer yes or no(two categories:
happy/unhappy)
 Ordinal
This type gives you more
information than nominal data. If
we use an ordinal scale to measure
something, we can tell not only
those things have occurred, but
also the order in which they
occurred.
 However, these data tell us nothing
about the differences between values.
For example, if we ordered three people
according to how happy they were-
happiest, moderate and unhappiest.
These labels do tell us something about
the level of happiness. In using ordered
categories we now know that the
happiest person was happier than those
in the other two categories.
 Interval
Data are scores that are measured on a scale
along the whole of which intervals are equal.
For example, rather than asking people if they are
happy we could measure boredom along a 7-point
scale (1 being very unhappy and 7 being very
happy).
For data to be interval, it should be true that the
increase in happiness represented by a change
from 3 to 4 along the scale should be the same as
the change in happiness represented by a change
from 6 to 7.
 Ratio (the highest level)
Data have similar property with
interval, but in addition we should
be able to say that someone who
has a score of 50 was twice as
happy as someone who scored only
25.
Probability Sample
A probability sample is a sample selected
such that each item or person in the
population being studied has a known
likelihood of being included in the sample.
 A population (universe) is the collection
of things under consideration

A sample is a portion of the population

selected for analysis
 A parameter is a summary measure computed
to describe a characteristic of the population.
Ex. The population mean IQ of the students
in a certain university is 105.

A statistic is a summary measure computed to

describe a characteristic of the sample
Ex. The sample mean IQ of 35 students in a
certain university is 105.
 Population and Sample

Population Sample

Use statistics to
summarize features

Use parameters to
summarize features

Inference on the population from the sample

Basic Business Statistics, 8e 2002 Chap 1-70
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
What is the difference between population
and sample?

Population is defined as groups of

people, animals, places, things, ideas to
which any conclusions based on the
characteristics of a sample will be
applied.

Sample is a subgroup of the population.

Parameter and Statistics
Parameter is a numerical measure that
describes a characteristics of a
population.

Example: The population mean of the

electricity bill of the residents of a
certain city is Php 1500.00.
 Sample is a numerical measure that is
used to describe a characteristic of a
sample.

Example:
The sample mean of the electricity
bill of 20 residents of a certain city is
Php 1 450.00