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DAN METABOLISME
ENERGI
Dr. Yogi P. R.
Biochemistry Department
Medical Faculty
Swadaya Gunung Jati University
Cirebon 2009
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Bioenergetika
Ilmu pengetahuan mengenai perubahan energi yang menyertai
reaksi biokimia
Hukum termodinamika:
I: energi total sebuah sistem, termasuk energi sekitarnya adalah
konstan
II: suatu proses dapat berlangsung spontan hanya bila jumlah
entropi (tingkat kekacauan) suatu sistem dan lingkungannya
bertambah.
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nukleotida trifosfat
yang mengandung ATP
adenin, ribosa dan 3
gugus fosfat
ATP merupakan donor
fosfat berenergi tinggi
Berperan dalam
pemindahan energi bebas
dari proses eksergonik ke
proses endergonik
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siklus ATP/ADP menghubungkan proses-proses yg
menghasilkan ~ & proses-proses yg menggunakan ~
ATP terus dikonsumsi & terus diproduksi
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Rantai Respirasi
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Glycolysis
a. Occurs in the cytosol
b. Glycolysis has 10 steps, each step is catalyzed by a different
enzyme
c. glucose (6 carbons) is broken down into two pyruvate
molecules (3 carbons each)
d. ATP consuming phase - 2 ATP are consumed
e. ATP producing phase - 4 ATP are produced
f. NET GAIN OF 2 ATP
g. NET GAIN OF 2 NADH
If O2 is available, each NADH can be used to make 3 ATP in
oxidative phosphorylation (Electron Transport)
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Krebs Cycle (the CITRIC ACID CYCLE)
a. Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
b. The breakdown of glucose is completed and CO2 is produced
c. In the presence of O2, the two pyruvate molecules produced by
glycolysis travel to mitochondria
d. Krebs Cycle has 8 steps, each step is catalyzed by a different enzyme
e. Each turn of the Krebs cycle requires the input of one 2-carbon acetyl-
CoA and two carbons are released as C02
- One glucose molecule entering glycolysis results in the
production of 2 pyruvate molecules which are converted to 2
molecules of acetyl-CoA,
- Each turn of the Krebs cycle uses only ONE acetyl-coA, so it
takes two complete turns of the Krebs cycle per glucose
f. The NADH and FADH2 created in the Krebs cycle are used by electron
transport system to create large amounts of ATP
- 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2 that enter electron
transport
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The Electron Transport Chain
(oxidative phosphorylation)
a. Produces the energy that drives the synthesis of ATP in oxidative
phosphorylation
b. Consists of molecules (mostly proteins) that are embedded in the inner
mitochondria
c. Cofactors are attached to these proteins. The cofactors are alternately
reduced and oxidized as they accept and donate electrons
d. The initial electron acceptor in the chain is a flavoprotein (FMN) and it
accepts an electron from NADH. The electron is then passed down a
series of molecules to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor. It is
then combined with a couple of hydrogen ions, H+, to form water. The
process will not function in the absence of oxygen.
e. FADH2 and NADH both donate electrons to the chain
f. The electron transport chain doesn't make any ATP itself, instead these
reactions are coupled to others to produce ATP, a process called
CHEMIOSMOSIS
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Hasil oksidasi glukosa menghasilkan :
ATP
Nikotinamida Adenin Dinukleotida
(NAD+) dan Flavin Adenin Dinukleotida
(FAD)
Elektron berenergi tinggi dlm NADH &
FADH dipindahkan melalui transport
elektron yg akan diterima oksigen
menghasilkan gradien proton
mengaktifkan sintesis ATP
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5 proses fosforilasi oksidatif
Nama Penyusun
NADH dehydrogenase (or)
Kompleks I NADH-coenzyme Q
reductase
Succinate dehydrogenase (or)
Kompleks II Succinate-coenzyme Q
reductase
Cytochrome C - coenzyme Q
Kompleks III
oxidoreductase
Kompleks IV Cytochrome oxidase
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Kompleks V ATP synthase
Kompleks 1
Pada tahap ini, masing-masing molekul NADH
memindahkan 2 elektron berenergi tinggi ke
FMN, kemudian ke protein besi-sulfur dan
terakhir ke koenzim Q (ubiquinon)
Kompleks 2
FADH2 dihasilkan oleh suksinat dehidrogenase
dalam siklus asam sitrat, memindahkan elektron
ke CoQ melalui kompleks II.
Kompleks 3
CoQ memindahkan elektron ke serangkaian
sitokrom
Kompleks 4
Kompleks 5
Pada tahap ini, protein kompleks yg mengkatalisis
konversi ADP menjadi ATP, diisikan oleh gradien
kemiosmotik
Proton mengalir kembali ke matriks mitokondria
melalui kompleks ATP sintase & energi berasal dari
penurunan gradien pH digunakan utk membentuk
ATP
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Anaerobic Respiration
in the absence of oxygen (remember that oxygen is the
final electron acceptor) the cell goes through a process
called FERMENTATION
Fermentation takes place under anaerobic conditions
(no oxygen present). There are two types of
fermentation, alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation.
Its far less efficient
Begins with glycolysis followed by fermentation
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STEP 1 : GLYCOLYSIS
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Either Lactic Acid Fermentation
Converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid
Causes muscle fatigue/burning
Muscle cramps are caused by increased acidity
caused by the lactate build up
Or Alcoholic Fermentation
Converts pyruvic acid into alcohol
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e-
el
ek
ro
Oksidasi Biologi
n)
Fe
+
Fe2+ Fe3+
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Oksidase
Enzim oksidase mengkatalisis pengeluaran hidrogen dari substrat dengan menggunakan oksigen sebagai akseptor hidrogen. Enzim-e
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2. Dehidrogenase
Dehidrogenase tdk dpt menggunakan
oksigen sbg akseptor hidrogen. Enzim-
enzim ini memiliki 2 fungsi utama yaitu:
1. berperan dlm pemindahan hidrogen
dari substrat yg satu ke substrat yg lain
dlm reaksi reduksi-oksidasi berpasangan.
2. sbg komponen dlm rantai respirasi
pengangkutan elektron dari substrat ke
oksigen.
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3. Hidroperoksidase
Menggunakan hidrogen peroksida atau
peroksida organik sbg substrat. Ada 2
tipe enzim yang masuk ke dalam kategori
ini yaitu peroksidase dan katalase
4. Oksigenase
Mengkatalisis pemindahan langsung &
inkorporasi oksigen ke dalam molekul
substrat. Enzim ini dikelompokkan
menjadi 2 yaitu monooksigenase dan
dioksigenase.
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