Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 15
PowerPoint Authors:
Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA
Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA
Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA
Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA
Copyright2015McGrawHillEducation.Allrightsreserved.NoreproductionordistributionwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofMcGrawHillEducation.
15-2
Technological Economic
changes factors
15-4
Learning Objective 1
Horizontal Analysis
Horizontal Analysis
15-9
Horizontal Analysis
Calculating Change in Dollar Amounts
The dollar
amounts for
last year
become the
base year
figures.
15-10
Horizontal Analysis
Calculating Change as a Percentage
Horizontal Analysis
Horizontal Analysis
15-13
Horizontal Analysis
We could do this
for the liabilities
and stockholders
equity, but now
lets look at the
income statement
accounts.
15-14
Horizontal Analysis
15-15
Horizontal Analysis
15-16
Horizontal Analysis
Horizontal Analysis
There were increases in both cost of goods
sold (14.3%) and operating expenses (2.1%).
These increased costs more than offset the
increase in sales, yielding an overall
decrease in net income.
15-18
Trend Percentages
Trend percentages
state several years
financial data in terms
of a base year, which
equals 100 percent.
15-19
Trend Analysis
Trend Analysis
Trend Analysis
Berry Products
Income Information
For the Years Ended December 31
The base
year is 2010, and its amounts
will equal 100%.
15-22
Trend Analysis
Berry Products
Income Information
For the Years Ended December 31
Trend Analysis
Berry Products
Income Information
For the Years Ended December 31
Trend Analysis
We can use the trend
percentages to construct
a graph so we can see the
trend over time.
15-25
Common-Size Statements
Vertical analysis focuses
on the relationships
among financial
statement items at a
given point in time. A
common-size financial
statement is a vertical
analysis in which each
financial statement item
is expressed as a
percentage.
15-26
Common-Size Statements
In balance
sheets, all items
usually are
expressed as a
percentage of
total assets.
15-27
Common-Size Statements
In income
statements, all
items usually are
expressed as a
percentage of
sales.
15-28
Common-Size Statements
Common-Size Statements
Sales is
usually the
base and is
expressed
as 100%.
15-30
Common-Size Statements
Common-Size Statements
Quick Check
Which of the following statements describes
horizontal analysis?
a. A statement that shows items appearing
on it in percentage and dollar form.
b. A side-by-side comparison of two or
more years financial statements.
c. A comparison of the account balances on
Quick Check
Which of the following statements describes
horizontal analysis?
a. A statement that shows items appearing
on it in percentage and dollar form.
b. A side-by-side comparison of two or
more years financial statements.
c. A comparison of the account balances on
Horizontal analysis shows the changes
between years
the current in the
years financial
financial data in both
statements.
dollar and percentage form.
d. None of the above.
15-34
Learning Objective 2
Working Capital
The excess of current assets over
current liabilities is known as
working capital.
Working Capital
15-42
Current Ratio
Current Current Assets
=
Ratio Current Liabilities
Current Ratio
Current Current Assets
=
Ratio Current Liabilities
Current $65,000
= = 1.55
Ratio $42,000
15-44
Acid-Test $50,000
= = 1.19
Ratio $42,000
Learning Objective 3
Accounts
$494,000
Receivable = = 26.7 times
($17,000 + $20,000) 2
Turnover
Average
365 Days
Collection = = 13.67 days
26.7 Times
Period
Inventory Turnover
Inventory Cost of Goods Sold
Turnover = Average Inventory
This ratio measures how many times a
companys inventory has been sold and
replaced during the year.
If a companys inventory
turnover Is less than its
industry average, it either
has excessive inventory or
the wrong types of inventory.
15-50
Inventory Turnover
Inventory Cost of Goods Sold
=
Turnover Average Inventory
Inventory $140,000
= = 12.73 times
Turnover ($10,000 + $12,000) 2
15-51
Operating Cycle
Average Average Operating
+ =
Sale Period Collection Period Cycle
Operating Cycle
Average Average Operating
+ =
Sale Period Collection Period Cycle
Learning Objective 4
Times
$84,000
Interest = = 11.51 times
$7,300
Earned
This is the most common
measure of a companys ability
to provide protection for its
long-term creditors. A ratio of
less than 1.0 is inadequate.
15-59
Debt-to-Equity Ratio
Debtto
Total Liabilities
Equity =
Stockholders Equity
Ratio
Debt-to-Equity Ratio
Debtto
Total Liabilities
Equity =
Stockholders Equity
Ratio
Debtto
$112,000
Equity = = 0.48
$234,390
Ratio
15-61
Learning Objective 5
The information
shown for
Norton
Corporation will
be used to
calculate its
profitability
ratios.
Note: You may also use information provided in an earlier slide for these computations.
15-65
Return on Equity
= Net Income
Return on Equity
Average Stockholders Equity
$53,690
Return on Equity = = 25.91%
($180,000 + $234,390) 2
DuPont Formula
Net Profit Total Asset Equity
Return on Equity =
Margin Turnover Multiplier
Financial Leverage
Financial leverage results from the difference between
the rate of return the company earns on investments
in its own assets and the rate of return that the
company must pay its creditors.
15-73
Quick Check
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Negative financial leverage is when the
fixed return to a companys creditors and
preferred stockholders is greater than the
return on total assets.
b. Positive financial leverage is when the
fixed return to a companys creditors and
preferred stockholders is greater than the
return on total assets.
c. Financial leverage is the expression of
several years financial data in
percentage form in terms of a base year.
15-74
Quick Check
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Negative financial leverage is when the
fixed return to a companys creditors and
preferred stockholders is greater than the
return on total assets.
b. Positive financial leverage is when the
fixed return to a companys creditors and
preferred stockholders is greater than the
return on total assets.
c. Financial leverage is the expression of
several years financial data in
percentage form in terms of a base year.
15-75
Learning Objective 6
The information
shown for
Norton
Corporation will
be used to
calculate its
profitability
Note: You may also use information provided in an
ratios. earlier slide for these computations.
15-77
Price-Earnings Ratio
Price-Earnings Market Price Per Share
=
Ratio Earnings Per Share
Price-Earnings $20.00
= = 8.26 times
Ratio $2.42
Dividend $2.00
= = 82.6%
Payout Ratio $2.42
Dividend $2.00
= = 10.00%
Yield Ratio $20.00
End of Chapter 15