Ship Dynamics

Lec 2- Wave Mechanics

Fully Developed Seas at Given Wind
Speeds
Conditions Necessary for a Fully Developed Sea at Given Wind
Speeds, and the Parameters of the Resulting Waves
Wind Conditions Wave Size
Wind Average
Average
Speed in Wind Average Period
Fetch Wavelen
One Duration Height and
gth
Direction Speed
3.0 sec
19km/h 19km 2 hr 0.27m 8.5m
9.3ft/sec
5.7 sec
37km/h 139km ( 10 hr 1.5m 33.8m 19.5ft/se
c
8.6 sec
56km/h 518km 23 hr 4.1m 76.5m 29.2ft/se
c
11.4 sec
74km/h 1,313km 42 hr 8.5 136m 39.1ft/se
c
14.3 sec
AIRYs LINEAR WAVE THEORY
 Linear Wave Theory
Assumptions
1. the sea water is incompressible;
2. there is no viscosity, i.e., the sea
water is inviscid;
3. there is no surface tension;
4. no fluid particle turns around itself,
i.e., the motion is irrotational;
5. the wave amplitude is much
smaller than the wavelength.
 Governing Equation
Equation of Continuity

Considering no variation in Y-
direction

From Potential Flow Theory

 Governing Equation(Cont)
Governing Eqn
 Boundary Conditions
At Bottom of Seabed
The bottom of the channel is not permeable to the water, and therefore the
vertical water velocity at the bottom must be zero at all times:
 Boundary Conditions
Kinematic BC at the Free Surface
The conditions at the water surface are harder to obtain.
It has been observed that the fluid near the surface remains
near the surface during the wave motion as long as the motion is
smooth. That is, unless the waves break.
The first boundary condition at the free surface consists of stating this
property in mathematical terms

The Proof for the above can be found in any standard

Fluid Dynamics Text
 Boundary Conditions
Kinematic BC at the Free Surface
The other condition to be satisfied at the surface comes
from the fact that the pressure p at the surface must be
equal to the atmospheric pressure, which we assume is
constant.
This condition may be derived from Bernoullis
Equation .The equation states that for irrotational flow
 Summary of the Governing Eqns
with Boundary Conditions

The mathematical problem stated in (1) to (4) is very difficult. No

complete solution is
known, although we know a lot about special cases.
 Linearization of the Eqns
Assuming that Wave Amplitude is very
much small as compared to wavelength ,
we can neglect higher order terms and the
Free Surface BCs reduces to:
Kinematic BC (at z=0 (instead of z=))

Dynamic BC (at z=0 (instead of z=))

Linearized Equations
 Solution Methodology
Method
of separable is used to obtain
the solution to the above equation.
(x).(z). (t)
 General Solution

)

where )

k= 2/L is the wave number

Water Particle Velocities
)

)
Dispersion Relationship
 Solution (for deep water)
Velocity Potential

Equation of Sea
Surface

Where

Components of Particle
Velocity
 Wave Group Velocity
When
a group of waves propagates, its speed will in
general not be similar to that of the speed with
which individual waves within the group travel. If
any two wave trains of the same amplitude, but
slightly different wave lengths or periods, progress
in the same direction, the resultant surface
disturbance can be represented as the sum of the
individual disturbances.
CG = where )
Deep Waves CG = gT/4 =c/2 Group Vel =
Phase Vel
Shallow Waves Group Vel = Phase Vel
Total Energy per unit Area
MODELLING AN
IRREGULAR SEA
 THE OCEAN WAVES THAT WE OBSERVE ARE A COMPLEX OF MANY
DIFFERENT SETS OF WAVES OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS, PERIODS
AND HEIGHT
 Modeling of Irregular Sea
The linear wave theory allows us to
represent the sea surface as the
superposition of a large number of
sine waves, that is
Superposition of 4 Waves
Wave data collection

Visually observed data

Ship observed data
Instrumental data
Remote sensing
Hindcasting
Operational wave forecast
data
 SATELLITE RADAR AIR CRAFT RADAR OR LASER

ORBITAL
FOLLOWING BOUY WAVE STAFF ON
PLATFORM

WAVE SLOPE
BOUY PRESSURE SENSOR
NONDIRECTIONAL NEAR BOTTOM
ACCELEROMETER
BOUY
WAVE ORBITAL
VELOCITY SENSOR

ACOUSTIC
SENSOR
 Wave data analysis
Continuous data
Time domain &
frequency domain
analysis
Discrete data
Statistical analysis
Ocean (Irregular) Waves
Definitions

TC

TZ
TD
TU

Root-mean-Square (RMS), Skewness and Kurtosis

Ochi (1998) Ocean Waves
Wave height statistics