ENS 207 ENGINEERING

GRAPHICS

Lecture 4: Orthographic projections,

Multiview drawing

1
 PROJECTION THEORY

The projection theory is used to graphically represent

3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
 MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane
Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observers eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight
 Which Views to Present?
General Guidelines
Pick a Front View that is most descriptive of
object
Normally the longest dimension is chosen as
the width (or depth)
Most common combination of views is to use:
Front, Top, and Side View
Views other than the Principal Views are
called Auxiliary Views

5
AU 2005 8
 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )

TV
FV

X Y X Y

FV
TV
G L
First Versus Third Angle
Projection
Third Angle Projection Associated with English
units

ANSI Symbol

First Angle Projection Associated with SI units

Conventional Orthographic Views
Width

Top View
Depth

Right
Front View Side
Height
View

AU 2005 16
Step 1 Lightly Block Three Views

Use very light

lines for drawing
in the
construction
lines

AU 2005 17
 FOR T.V.

F.V. S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
R
F.V
. .
S.V
R
FO

x y

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.

S.V.
F.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO X Y
V. R
S. F.V
R .
FO

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.

F.V. S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
. R
S.V
FO
R
F.V
. X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.

F.V. S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

V.
S.
R
FO FO
R
F.V X Y
.

TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
F.V. S.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

. FO X Y
S. V
R R
F.V
FO .

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
R
F.V X Y
.

V.
S.
R
FO

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

450

30
FV

40

X Y

30 D
FO
R
F.V
.
40 TV

O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
15
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT 40
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
30
FOR T.V.
FV
RECT.
SLOT

10 50
35

10
X Y

20 D

FO
R TV
F.V
.

60 D
30 D

TOP VIEW
 HIDDEN LINES
Hidden lines are used to represent surfaces that are not directly
visible in an orthographic view.
 SLANTED SURFACES
Slanted surfaces are surfaces that are not parallel to
either the horizontal or vertical axis.
PROJECTION BETWEEN
VIEWS
 COMPOUND LINES
A compound line is formed when two slanted
surfaces
intersect. The true length of a compound line is not
shown in the front, top, or side views.
 OBLIQUE SURFACES
Oblique surfaces are surfaces that do not
appear correctly shaped in the front, top, or
side views
 ROUNDED SURFACES
Rounded surfaces are surfaces that have constant
radii,
such as arcs or circles. Surfaces that do not have
constant
radii are classified as irregular surfaces
 CASTINGS
Casting is one of the oldest manufacturing processes. Metal is heated
to liquid form, then poured into molds and allowed to cool. The
resulting shapes usually include many rounded edges and surface
tangencies