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Book authors:
R.H. Ettinger
Chapter 16
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Insight therapies
Any type of psychotherapy based n the notion that
psychological well-being depends on self-
understanding
Psychodynamic therapies
Therapies that attempt to uncover childhood
experiences that explain a patients current
difficulties
Psychoanalysis
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Freuds method
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of psychotherapy; uses free association,
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analysis, and transference
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Insight Therapies
Gestalt therapy
A therapy that was originated by Fritz Perls and that
emphasizes that importance of clients fully
experiencing, in the present moment, their feelings,
thoughts, and actions and taking personal
responsibility for their behavior
The goal of Gestalt therapy is to help clients achieve
a more integrated self and become more authentic
and self-accepting
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Insight Therapies
Group therapy
A form of therapy in which several clients meet
regularly with one or more therapists to resolve
personal problems
Learning that others also chare their problems
leaves people feeling less alone and ashamed
A variant of group therapy is the self-help group
Self-help groups usually are not led by professional
therapists
They are simply groups of people who share a
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common problem
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Behavior Therapies
Aversion therapy
A behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is
paired with an undesirable behavior until the
behavior becomes associated with pain and
discomfort
Alcoholics are sometimes given a nausea-producing
substance such as Antibes, which reacts violently
with alcohol and causes a person to retch and vomit
until the stomach is empty
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Behavior Therapies
Participant modeling
A behavior therapy in which an appropriate
response is modeled in graduated steps and the
client attempts each step, encouraged and
supported by the therapist
In this therapy, not only does the model
demonstrate the appropriate response in graduated
steps, but the client attempts to imitate the model
step by step, while the therapist gives
encouragement and support
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Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive therapies
Therapies that assume faulty thinking is the basis of
most psychological difficulties
Cognitive therapies are also often referred to as
cognitive-behavioral approaches because they
combine the insights into behavior provided by
cognitive psychology with the methodological
approaches of behaviorism
Rational-emotive therapy
A directive, confrontational therapy developed by
Albert Ellis and designed to challenge and modify
the irrational beliefs thought to cause personal
distress
Rational-emotive therapy is based on Elliss ABC
theory
A refers to the activating event,
B to the persons belief about the event
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the Horizonconsequence that follows
emotional
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Use what you have learned about Albert Elliss rational-
emotive therapy to identify-and perhaps even eliminate-an irrational
belief that you hold about yourself.
First, identify an irrational belief, preferably one that causes
some stress in you life. For example, maybe you feel that you must
earn all As in order to think of yourself as a good person
Ask yourself the following questions, and write down your
answers in as much detail as possible.
Where does this belief come from? Can you identify the time in
your life when it began?
Why do you think this belief is true? What evidence can you
think of that proves your belief?
Can you think of any evidence to suggest that this belief is
false? What evidence contradicts your belief? Do you know
anyone who does not cling to this belief?
How does holding this belief affect your life, both negatively
and positively?
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How would you life be different if you stopped holding this
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belief? What would you do differently?
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Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive therapy
Aaron T. Beck
Claimsthat much of the misery endured by a depressed
and anxious person can be traced to automatic thoughts-
unreasonable but unquestioned ideas that rule the
persons life
Cognitive therapy
Biological Therapy
A therapy that is based on the assumption that most
mental disorders have physical causes
Drug therapy
Antipsychotic drugs
Drugs used to control severe psychotic symptoms, such as
the delusions and hallucinations of schizophrenics; also
known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers
The long-term use of typical antipsychotic drugs carries a
high risk of the most severe side effect
tardive dyskinesia
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continual twitching and jerking movements of
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tongue, and squirming movements of the
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Biological Therapies
Psychosurgery (continued)
Egas Moniz
Developed the first experimental brain surgery for human
patients to treat severe phobias, anxiety, and obsessions
His technique, the lobotomy, surgeons severed the neural
connections between the frontal lobes and the deeper
brain centers involved in emotion
Eventually it became apparent that this treatment left
patients in a severely deteriorated condition
Modern psychosurgery procedures result in less
intellectual
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Biological Therapies
Psychosurgery (continued)
Cingulotomy
Electrodes are used to destroy the cingulum, a small
bundle of nerves connecting the cortex to the emotional
centers of the brain
Several procedures have been helpful for some extreme
cases of obsessive compulsive disorder
Informed consent
Therapists must inform clients of the cost and
expected duration of therapy prior to beginning any
actual interventions
Clients must be informed of the legal limits of
confidentiality
Therapists are forbidden to engage in any kind
of intimate relationships with clients or with
other who are close to them
Therapists are ethically obligated to use tests
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that are reliable
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Culturally Sensitive and Gender-
sensitive Therapy
Culturally sensitive therapy
Kleinman and Cohen
Believes
that people experience and suffer from
psychological disorders within a cultural context that may
dramatically affect the meaning of symptoms, outcomes,
and responses to therapy
Therapeutic alliance
The bond between therapist and client that is known to be
a factor in the effectiveness of psychotherapy
Culturally sensitive psychotherapy
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An approach therapy that considers cultural variables in
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Culturally Sensitive and Gender-
sensitive Therapy
Culturally sensitive therapy (continued)
Culturally sensitive therapists recognize the
language differences between therapists and
patients can pose problems
Culturally sensitive therapists also attempt to
address group differences that can affect the results
of therapy
Gender-sensitive therapy
An approach to therapy that takes into account the
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gender on both the therapists and the
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Culturally Sensitive and Gender-
sensitive Therapy
Gender-sensitive therapy (continued)
Advocates of gender-sensitive therapy point out that
knowledge of real sex differences is important to the
practice of gender-sensitive therapy