ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

FIRST ORDER ODINARY DIFFRENTIAL EQUATION AND APPLICATIONS

1
INDEX

Introduction
Methods for solving first order ordinary differential equations
Applications of first order ordinary differential equations and their
problems
Introduction

Differential equation are of basic importance in engineering mathematics because

many physical laws and relation can be expressed mathematically in the form of
differential equations.
Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are differential equations that depend on a
single variable.
First order ODEs are differential equations that depend on a single variable and
involve only the first order derivative of the unknown function.
The simplest ODEs are ODEs of the first order because they involve only the first
derivative of the unknown function and no higher derivatives.
Methods of solving first order ODEs

Variable sepration
Reducible to variable sepration
Exact DEs
Reducible to exact DEs
Linear DEs
Reducible to linear DEs
Homogeneous DEs
Reducible to homogeneous
Applications of First-order Differential Equations to Real World Systems

1. Cooling/Warming Law

2. Population Growth and Decay

3. Radio-Active Decay and Carbon Dating

4. Mixture of Two Salt Solution

5. Draining a tank

6. Economics and Finance

7. Drug Distribution in Human Body

8. A Pursuit Problem

9. Harvesting of Renewable Natural Resources

10. acceleration and time

Newton's Law of Cooling
It is a model that describes, mathematically, the change in temperature of an
object in a given environment. The law states that the rate of change (in time) of
the temperature is proportional to the difference between the temperature T of the
object and the temperature Te of the environment surrounding the object.
d T / d t = - k (T - Te)
Let x = T - Te
so that dx / dt = dT / dt
dx/dt=-kx
The solution to the above differential equation is given by
x = Ae -kt
substitute x by T Te
T - Te = A e - k t
Assume that at t = 0 the temperature T = To
 T0 - Te = A e o

which gives A = To-Te

The final expression for T(t) is given by T(t) = Te + (To- Te) e - k t

This last expression shows how the temperature T of the object changes with time.
Problem

In a certain House, a police were called about 3O Clock where a murder victim
was found.

Police took the temperature of body which was found to be34.5 C.

After 1 hour, Police againtook the temperature of the body which was found to be
33.9 C.

The temperature of the room was 15 C

So, what is the murder time?

 TIME(t) TEMPERATURE()

First instant = 34.5OC

Second instant = 33.9OC

1. The temperature of the room 15OC

2. The normal body temperature of human being 37 OC
Mathematically, expression can be written as

d
15.0
dt
d
k 15.0
dt
where ' k' is the constant of proportionality
d
k .dt .... (Variable Separable Form)
15.0
ln 15.0 k.t c
where ' c' is the constant of integration
ln (34.5 -15.0) = k(0) + c
c = ln19.5

ln (33.9 -15.0) = k(1) + c

ln 18.9 = k+ ln 19
k = ln 18.9 - ln 19
= - 0.032
ln ( -15.0) = -0.032t + ln 19

Substituting, = 37OC
ln22 = -0.032t + ln 19
t
ln 22 ln 19
3.86 hours
0.032
3 hours 51 minutes

So, subtracting the time four our zero instant of time

Growth And Decay
The initial value problem

where N(t) denotes population at time t and k is a constant of proportionality, serves

as a model for population growth and decay of insects, animals and human
population at certain places and duration.

Integrating both sides we get

ln N(t)=kt+ln C
or
or N(t)=Cekt
C can be determined if N(t) is given at certain time.
Problem

Let population of country be decreasing at the rate proportional to its

population. If the population has decreased to 25% in 10 years, how long will it
take to be half?

 Proble
m

A tank contains 300 litres of fluid in which 20 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine

containing 1 gm of salt per litre is then pumped into the tank at a rate of 4

L/min; the well-mixed solution is pumped out at the same rate. Find the number

N(t) of grams of salt in the tank at time t.

 Radioactive Decay

A radioactive substance decomposes at a rate proportional to its mass. This

rate is called the decay rate. If m(t) represents the mass of a substance at any
time, then the decay rate is proportional to m(t). Let us recall that the half-life of
a substance is the amount of time for it to decay to one-half of its initial mass.
Problem

A radioactive isotope has an initial mass 200mg, which two years later

is

50mg. Find the expression for the amount of the isotope remaining at any time.

What is its half-life?

Problem

A tank contains 300 litres of fluid in which 20 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine

containing 1 gm of salt per litre is then pumped into the tank at a rate of 4

L/min; the well-mixed solution is pumped out at the same rate. Find the

number N(t) of grams of salt in the tank attime t.

Problem

A tank in the form of a right-circular cylinder standing on end is leaking water
through a circular hole in its bottom. Find the height h of water in the tank at any
time t if the initial height of the water is H.

 Economics and Finance
The problems regarding supply, demand and compounding interest can be
calculated by this equation
dP
k (D S )
dt

is a separable differential equation of first-order. We can write it as

dP=k(D-S) dt.
Integrating both sides, we get
P(t)=k(D-S)t+A

where A is a constant of integration.

Similarly
S(t)=S(0) ert ,Where S(0) is the initial money in the account
Problem

A representative of a pharmaceutical company recommends that a new

drug of his company be given every T hours in doses of quantity y 0,
for an extended period of time. Find the steady state drug in the
patients body.

Problem
Problem

Problem

A drag racer accelerates from a stop so that its speed is 40t feet per second t
seconds after starting. How far will the car go in 8 seconds?

SOLUTION:-

ds
Given: 40 t , wher s (t ) is the distance in feet,
dt
and t is time in seconds.
s 8 ? ft
Find:
 ds
40t
dt
ds 40 t dt
s t 40 t dt 20 t 2
C
Apply the initial condition: s(0) = 0
s 0 0 20 0 C
2
C 0
s t 20t 2
s 8 20 8 1280 ft
2

The car travels 1280 feet in 8 seconds.