The Human Muscles

Lectured by Bien Eli Nillos, MD

Reference: Gray’s Anatomy
 Table of Contents

 Introduction to Muscles (next slide)

 Part One: Muscles of the Thorax, Shoulders and Back
 Part Two: Muscles of the Abdomen, Upper Arm, Forearm and
Hand
 Part Three: Muscles of the Pelvis, Perineum and Lower Extre
mities
 MUSCLES
vary extremely in their form (long, broad, short, etc)
considerable variation in the arrangement of the fibers
of certain muscles with reference to the tendons to
which they are attached
fibers are parallel or not quite parallel, but slightly
curved or fibers are convergent (broad base) or the
origin and insertion are not in the same plane, but the
plane of the line of origin intersects that of the line of
insertion or fibers are oblique and converge
(unipennate) or oblique fibers converge to both sides
of a central tendon (bipennate) or fibers are arranged
in curved bundles in one or more planes
 Origin versus Insertion

origin is meant to imply its more fixed or central

attachment
insertion is the movable point on which the force of
the muscle is applied
the origin is absolutely fixed in only a small number
of muscles, such as those of the face which are
attached by one extremity to immovable bones
in the greater number, the muscle can be made to act
from either extremity
In the dissection of the muscles, attention should be
directed to the exact origin,
insertion,and actions of each, and to its more
important relations with surrounding parts
When it comes to muscle action: One (or more) muscle
of the combination is the chief moving force (prime
movers); when this muscle passes over more than one
joint other muscles (synergic muscles) come into
play to inhibit the movements not required.
a third set of muscles (fixation muscles) fix the limb
 Application of Knowing Muscle Action
By a consideration of the action of the muscles, the
surgeon is able to explain the causes of
displacement in various forms of fracture, and the
causes which produce distortion in various
deformities, and, consequently, to adopt
appropriate treatment in each case
 How muscles are named
 (1) from their location, (ex. Tibialis, Radialis, Ulnaris, Peroneus)
(2) from their direction, (ex. Rectus abdominis, Obliqui capitis,
Transversus abdominis)
(3) from their uses, (ex. Flexors, Extensors, Abductors, etc.)
(4) from their shape, (ex. Deltoideus, Rhomboideus)
(5) from the number of their divisions, (ex. Biceps and
Triceps)
(6) from their points of attachment, (ex.
Sternocleidomastoideus, Sternohyoideus, Sternothyreoideus.)
Overview of the Muscles
Surface Anatomy of Thorax
 Pectoralis Major

 a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the upper and forepart

of the chest.
 arises from the anterior surface of the sternal half of the
clavicle; from half the breadth of the anterior surface of the
sternum, as low down as the attachment of the cartilage of the
sixth or seventh rib; from the cartilages of all the true ribs,
with the exception, frequently, of the first or seventh, or both,
and from the aponeurosis of the Obliquus externus abdominis
 inserted into the crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus
 Pectoralis Minor

 a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the

thorax, beneath the Pectoralis major.
 arises from the upper margins and outer surfaces of the third,
fourth, and fifth ribs, near their cartilage and from the
aponeuroses covering the Intercostalis; the fibers pass upward
and lateralward and converge to form a flat tendon,
 inserted into the medial border and upper surface of the
coracoid process of the scapula
 Subclavius

 a small triangular muscle, placed between the clavicle and the

first rib.
 arises by a short, thick tendon from the first rib and its
cartilage at their junction, in front of the costoclavicular
ligament; the fleshy fibers proceed obliquely upward and
lateralward
 inserted into the groove on the under surface of the clavicle
between the costoclavicular and conoid ligaments.
 Serratus Anterior

 Is a thin muscular sheet, situated between the ribs and the

scapula at the upper and lateral part of the chest.
 arises by fleshy digitations from the outer surfaces and
superior borders of the upper eight or nine ribs, and from the
aponeuroses covering the intervening Intercostales. Each
digitation (except the first) arises from the corresponding rib;
 reach the vertebral border of the scapula,
 The lower four slips interdigitate at their origins with the
upper five slips of the External Oblique Muscles
 Nerve Supply

 The Pectoralis major is supplied by the medial and lateral

anterior thoracic nerves.
 The Pectoralis minor receives its fibers from the eighth
cervical and first thoracic nerves through the medial anterior
thoracic nerve.
 The Subclavius is suplied by a filament from the fifth and
sixth cervical nerves.
 The Serratus anterior is supplied by the long thoracic,
which is derived from the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical
nerves
The Shoulder
 The Deltoids

  is a large, thick, triangular muscle, which covers the shoulder-joint

in front, behind, and laterally.
 arises from the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third
of the clavicle; from the lateral margin and upper surface of the
acromion, and from the lower lip of the posterior border of the spine
of the scapula, as far back as the triangular surface at its medial end.
 they unite in a thick tendon, which is inserted into the deltoid
prominence on the middle of the lateral side of the body of the
humerus. At its insertion the muscle gives off an expansion to the
deep fascia of the arm
 Subscapularis

 a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa

 arises from its medial two-thirds and from the lower two-thirds of
the groove on the axillary border of the bone. Some fibers arise from
tendinous laminæ which intersect the muscle and are attached to
ridges on the bone; others from an aponeurosis, which separates the
muscle from the Teres major and the long head of the Triceps
brachii.
 The fibers pass lateralward, and, gradually converging, end in a
tendon which is inserted into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and
the front of the capsule of the shoulder-joint. 
 Supraspinatus

 occupies the whole of the supraspinatous fossa 

 arising from its medial two-thirds, and from the strong
supraspinatous fascia. The muscular fibers converge to a
tendon, which crosses the upper part of the shoulder-joint
 inserted into the highest of the three impressions on the
greater tubercle of the humerus; the tendon is intimately
adherent to the capsule of the shoulder-joint.
 Infraspinatus

a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief

part of the infraspinatous fossa.
arises by fleshy fibers from its medial two-thirds,
and by tendinous fibers from the ridges on its
surface; it also arises from the infraspinatous fascia
which covers it, and separates it from the Teres
major and minor.
inserted into the middle impression on the greater
tubercle of the humerus.
 Teres Minor

 a narrow, elongated muscle

 arises from the dorsal surface of the axillary border of the
scapula for the upper two-thirds of its extent, and from two
aponeurotic laminæ, one of which separates it from the
Infraspinatus, the other from the Teres major.
 inserted into the lowest of the three impressions on the
greater tubercle of the humerus; the lowest fibers
are inserted directly into the humerus immediately below this
impression.
 Teres Major

 is a thick but somewhat flattened muscle,

arises from the oval area on the dorsal surface of the
inferior angle of the scapula, and from the fibrous
septa interposed between the muscle and the Teres
minor and Infraspinatus;
inserted into the crest of the lesser tubercle of the
humerus.
The Upper Back Muscles
 Trapezius

 flat, triangular muscle, covering the upper and back part of the neck
and shoulders.
 arises from the external occipital protuberance and the medial third
of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, from the
ligamentum nuchæ, the spinous process of the seventh cervical, and
the spinous processes of all the thoracic vertebræ, and from the
corresponding portion of the supraspinal ligament.
 The superior fibers are inserted into the posterior border of the
lateral third of the clavicle; the middle fibers into the medial margin
of the acromion, and into the superior lip of the posterior border of
the spine of the scapula
 Latissimus Dorsi

 a triangular, flat muscle, which covers the lumbar region and the
lower half of the thoracic region,
 It arises by tendinous fibers from the spinous processes of the lower
six thoracic vertebræ and from the posterior layer of the
lumbodorsal fascia  by which it is attached to the spines of the
lumbar and sacral vertebræ, to the supraspinal ligament, and to the
posterior part of the crest of the ilium.
 It also arises from the external lip of the crest of the ilium lateral to
the margin of the Sacrospinalis, and from the three or four lower
ribs by fleshy digitations,
 inserted into the bottom of the intertubercular groove of the
humerus;
The lateral margin of the Latissimus dorsi is separated
below from the External Oblique by a small triangular
interval, the lumbar triangle of Petit, the base of
which is formed by the iliac crest, and its floor by the
Internal Oblique.
Another triangle is situated
behind the scapula. It is
bounded above by the
Trapezius, below by the
Latissimus dorsi, and
laterally by the vertebral
border of the scapula; the
floor is partly formed by the
Rhomboideus major. The
space is therefore known as
the triangle of
ausculation.
 Rhomboid Major

arises by tendinous fibers from the spinous

processes of the second, third, fourth, and fifth
thoracic vertebræ and the supraspinal ligament
inserted into a narrow tendinous arch, attached
above to the lower part of the triangular surface at
the root of the spine of the scapula; below to the
inferior angle, the arch being connected to the
vertebral border by a thin membrane.
 Rhomboid Minor

arises from the lower part of the ligamentum nuchæ

and from the spinous processes of the seventh
cervical and first thoracic vertebræ.
inserted into the base of the triangular smooth
surface at the root of the spine of the scapula, and is
usually separated from the Rhomboideus major by a
slight interval, but the adjacent margins of the two
muscles are occasionally united.
 Levator Scapulae

is situated at the back and side of the neck.

arises by tendinous slips from the transverse
processes of the atlas and axis and from the posterior
tubercles of the transverse processes of the third and
fourth cervical vertebræ.
inserted into the vertebral border of the scapula,
between the medial angle and the triangular smooth
surface at the root of the spine.
END OF PART ONE
 Lab WorkSheet No. 1 For Midterms
 In a tabular form, write the origin, insertion, action and nerve supply
of the following muscles:
1. Biceps
2. Triceps
3. Brachialis
4. Coracobrachialis
5. Brachioradialis
6. Pronator Teres
7. Flexor Carpi radialis
8. Palmaris Longus
9. Flexor carpi ulnaris
10. Flexor digitorum sublimis
11. Flexor digitorum profundus
12. Flexor pollicis longus
13. Pronator Quadratus
14. Abductor pollicis brevis
15. Flexor pollicis brevis
 Lab Worksheet No. 1 Midterms
 Draw the torso and label the following muscles. Identify the
following surface landmarks in your drawing. Color as much
as possible to identify each muscle:
1. External Oblique
2. Internal Oblique
3. Transversus abdominis
4. Rectus abdominis
5. Pyramidalis
6. Linea alba
7. Linea Semilunaris
8. Linea Semicircularis
9. Inguinal Ligament
10. Serratus anterior
Part Two: The Human Muscles
Abdomen and Upper Extremities
 QUIZ # 1

1-3. 3 origins of the Pectoral Major muscle

4. insertion of the deltoid muscle
5-8. the 4 rotator cuff muscles
9. muscle that gives the posterior axillary fold
10. nerve supply of the serratus anterior muscle
The Abdominals
 External Oblique

 is the largest and the most superficial of the three flat muscles
in this region
  arises, by eight fleshy digitations, from the external surfaces
and inferior borders of the lower eight ribs; these
digitations are arranged in an oblique line which runs
downward and backward
 inserted into linea alba, pubic crest & tubercle, anterior
superior iliac spine & anterior half of iliac crest
 Aponeurosis of the External Oblique

 a thin but strong membranous structure, the fibers of which

are directed downward and medialward. It is joined with that
of the opposite muscle along the middle line, and covers the
whole of the front of the abdomen
 In the middle line, it interlaces with the aponeurosis of the
opposite muscle, forming the linea alba, which extends from
the xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis
  That portion of the aponeurosis which extends
between the anterior superior iliac spine and the
pubic tubercle is a thick band, folded inward, and
continuous below with the fascia lata; it is called
the inguinal ligament.
   In the aponeurosis of
the external oblique,
immediately above the
crest of the pubis, is a
triangular opening,
the superficial
inguinal
ring, formed by a
separation of the
fibers of the
aponeurosis in this
location
 Internal Oblique

an irregularly quadrilateral form, and situated at the

lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen
arises, by fleshy fibers, from the lateral half of the
grooved upper surface of the inguinal ligament, from
the anterior two-thirds of the middle lip of the iliac
crest, and from the posterior lamella of the
lumbodorsal fascia
Inserts into lower 3 or 4 ribs, linea alba, pubic crest
 The Cremaster

 is a thin muscular layer, composed of a number of fasciculi

which arise from the middle of the inguinal ligament where its
fibers are continuous with those of the Internal Oblique and
also occasionally with the Transversus.
 It passes along the lateral side of the spermatic cord, descends
with it through the subcutaneous inguinal ring upon the front
and sides of the cord, and forms a series of loops which differ
in thickness and length in different subjects
 The Cremasteric Reflex

elicited by lightly stroking the superior and medial

part of the thigh
The normal response is a contraction of
the cremaster muscle that pulls up
the scrotum and testis on the side stroked
reflex utilizes sensory and motor fibers of
the genitofemoral nerve
 Transversus Abdominis

the most internal of the flat muscles of the abdomen

arises from lower 6 ribs, thoracolumbar fascia,
anterior 3/4 of the iliac crest, lateral 1/3 of inguinal
ligament
Inserts into linea alba, pubic crest and pecten of the
pubis
 Transversalis
Fascia

  thin aponeurotic membrane which lies between the inner

surface of the Transversus abdominis and the extraperitoneal
fascia
 The spermatic cord in the male and the round ligament of the
uterus in the female pass through the transversalis fascia at a
spot called the deep inguinal ring.
 Deep Inguinal Ring

situated in the transversalis fascia, midway between

the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis
pubis, and about 1.25 cm. above the inguinal
ligament
oval form, the long axis of the oval being vertical; it
varies in size in different subjects, and is much larger
in the male than in the female
 The Inguinal Canal

Anterior Wall - aponeurosis of external oblique ,

aponeurosis of internal oblique (lateral third of canal
only), superficial inguinal ring (medial third of canal
only)
Posterior Wall - transversalis fascia, conjoint
tendon (medial third of canal only), deep inguinal
ring (lateral third of canal only)
 The Inguinal Canal

Roof - internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Floor - inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament (medial
third of canal only), iliopubic tract (lateral third of
canal only)
MNEMONICS – MALT (Muscles, Aponeurosis,
Ligaments, Tendons)
 The Inguinal Canal

 contains the spermatic cord and the ilioinguinal nerve in the

male, and the round ligament of the uterus and the
ilioinguinal nerve in the female
 It is an oblique canal about 4 cm. long, slanting downward and
medialward, and placed parallel with and a little above the
inguinal ligament;
 it extends from the deep inguinal ring to the superficial
inguinal ring
 Rectus Abdominis

 a long flat muscle, which extends along the whole

length of the front of the abdomen, and is separated
from its fellow of the opposite side by the linea alba.
It is much broader, but thinner, above than below
Arises from pubis and the pubic symphysis
Inserted to xiphoid process of the sternum and costal
cartilages 5-7
The Rectus is crossed by fibrous bands, three in
number, which are named the tendinous
inscriptions
Rectus is enclosed in a sheath formed by the
aponeuroses of the Oblique and Transversus
 The Arcuate Line

a horizontal line that demarcates the lower limit of

the posterior layer of the rectus sheath. It is also
where the inferior epigastric vessels perforates
the rectus abdominus
 Quadratus Lumborum

 irregularly quadrilateral in shape, and broader

below than above
 arises by aponeurotic fibers from the iliolumbar
ligament and the adjacent portion of the iliac crest
for about 5 cm.,
inserted into the lower border of the last rib for
about half its length, and by four small tendons into
the apices of the transverse processes of the upper
four lumbar vertebræ
The Muscles of the Upper Extremity
 Biceps

  a long fusiform muscle, placed on the front of the arm

 Origins are - short head: tip of the coracoid process of the
scapula
long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
 Inserted at tuberosity of the radius
 Triceps

 situated on the back of the arm, extending the entire

length of the dorsal surface of the humerus
Origins: long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the
scapula; lateral head: posterolateral humerus &
lateral intermuscular septum; medial head:
posteromedial surface of the inferior 1/2 of the
humerus
Insertion: olecranon process of the ulna
 Coracobrachialis

smallest of the three muscles in this region, is

situated at the upper and medial part of the arm
Origin: coracoid process of the scapula
Insertion: medial side of the humerus at mid-shaft
 Brachialis

covers the front of the elbow-joint and the lower half

of the humerus
Origin: anterior surface of the lower one-half of the
humerus and the associated intermuscular septa
Insertion: coronoid process of the ulna
 Forearm
Anterior Group vs. Posterior Group
Anterior Forearm
Muscles

Superficial vs. Deep

All Flexors, Pronators are in the Anterior Forearm,
including the Palmaris Longus
 Posterior Forearm
Superficial vs. Deep Muscles
All Extensors, Supinator, Brachioradialis, Anconeus
and Abductor Pollicis Longus
 The Muscles of the Hand

subdivided into three groups:

(1) those of the thumb, which occupy the radial side
and produce the thenar eminence; 
(2) those of the little finger, which occupy the ulnar
side and give rise to the hypothenar eminence; 
(3) those in the middle of the palm and between the
metacarpal bones.
 Lateral Volar Muscles

Abductor pollicis brevis.

Flexor pollicis brevis.
Opponens pollicis.
Adductor pollicis (oblique).
Adductor pollicis (transverse).
 Medial Volar Muscles

Palmaris brevis.
Flexor digiti quinti
brevis.
Abductor digiti quinti.
Opponens digiti quinti.
 The Intermediate Muscles

Lumbricales
Interossei
End of Part Two
 Quiz 2

1 – 2 Origin of Biceps
3- 5 Origin of Triceps
6. Anterior wall of inguinal canal
7. Posterior wall of inguinal canal
8. Roof of the Inguinal canal
9. Floor of the Inguinal canal
10. Which compartment of the forearm is the
extensor pollicis longus?
Muscles of the Pelvis and Perineum
 Pre-test (technically, my first pre-test ever for this SY)
1. It is the longest muscle in the body
2. Which of the anal sphincters is voluntary?
3. What muscle compresses the crus penis, and retards
the return of the blood through the veins, and thus
serves to maintain the organ erect?
4. - 7. Four muscles which comprise the Quadriceps
Femoris
8. - 10. Three Hamstring muscles
 The Pelvic Muscles

The muscles within the pelvis may be divided into

two groups: (1) the Obturator internus and the
Piriformis, which are muscles of the lower extremity,
(2) the Levator ani and the Coccygeus, which
together form the pelvic diaphragm and are
associated with the pelvic viscera
 The Pelvic Fascia

fascia of the Obturator internus covers the

pelvic surface of, and is attached around the margin
of the origin of, the muscle
The internal pudendal vessels and pudendal nerve
cross the pelvic surface of the Obturator internus and
are enclosed in a special canal—Alcock’s canal—
formed by the obturator fascia
 The fascia of the Piriformis is very thin and is attached to
the front of the sacrum and the sides of the greater sciatic
foramen; it is prolonged on the muscle into the gluteal region.
 At its sacral attachment around the margins of the anterior
sacral foramina it comes into intimate association with and
ensheathes the nerves emerging from these foramina.
 The sacral nerves are frequently described as lying behind the
fascia
 Levator ani

is a broad, thin muscle, situated on the side of the

pelvis. It is attached to the inner surface of the side of
the lesser pelvis, and unites with its fellow of the
opposite side to form the greater part of the floor of
the pelvic cavity. It supports the viscera in this cavity,
and surrounds the various structures which pass
through it
 Levator Ani

 Origin: posterior surface of the body of the pubis, fascia of the

obturator internus m. (arcus tendineus levator ani), ischial
spine
 Insertion: anococcygeal raphe and coccyx
 Action: elevates the pelvic floor
 The combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus &
iliococcygeus is the levator ani muscle; coccygeus and
levator ani combined form the pelvic diaphragm
The anterior portion is occasionally separated from
the rest of the muscle by connective tissue. From this
circumstance, as well as from its peculiar relation
with the prostate, which it supports as in a sling, it
has been described as a distinct muscle, under the
name of Levator prostatæ
Action: elevates the prostate
 Coccygeus

a triangular plane of muscular and tendinous fibers

Origin: ischial spine
Insertion: side of the coccyx and lower sacrum
Action: elevates the pelvic floor
 Corrugator Cutis Ani

Around the anus is a thin stratum of involuntary

muscular fiber, which radiates from the
orifice. Medially the fibers fade off into the
submucous tissue, while laterally they blend with the
true skin. By its contraction it raises the skin into
ridges around the margin of the anus.
 External Anal Sphincter

Origin: perineal body or central tendinous point of

the perineum
Insertion: encircles the anal canal; superficial fibers
attach to the coccyx
skeletal (voluntary) muscle
s considered part of the pelvic diaphragm
 Internal Anal Sphincter

Origin: encircles the anal canal

Insertion: encircles the anal canal
smooth muscle (involuntary
 Transversus perinæi superficialis
(MALE)

 a narrow muscular slip, which passes more or less transversely

across the perineal space in front of the anus
 arises by tendinous fibers from the inner and forepart of the
tuberosity of the ischium
 inserted into the central tendinous point of the perineum,
joining in this situation with the muscle of the opposite side,
with the Sphincter ani externus behind, and with the
Bulbocavernosus in front
Transversus perinæi superficialis in the
female is a narrow muscular slip, which arises by a
small tendon from the inner and forepart of the
tuberosity of the ischium, and is inserted into the
central tendinous point of the perineum, joining in
this situation with the muscle of the opposite side,
the Sphincter ani externus behind, and the
Bulbocavernosus in front.
 Central Tendinous Point of the Perineum

 a fibrous point in the middle line of the perineum, between the

urethra and anus, and about 1.25 cm. in front of the latter.
 At this point six muscles converge and are attached:
 Sphincter ani externus, the Bulbocavernosus, the two
Transversi perinæi superficiales, and the anterior
fibers of the Levatores ani

(Two Bitches Like Slapping ass)
 Bulbocavernosus

 placed in the middle line of the perineum, in front of the anus.

It consists of two symmetrical parts, united along the median
line by a tendinous raphé
 Origin: central tendinous point of the perineum and from the
median raphé
 Insertion: inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, encircle
the bulb and adjacent parts of the corpus cavernosum urethræ
and join with the fibers of the opposite side
Bulbocavernosus in the female surrounds the
orifice of the vagina. It covers the lateral parts of the
vestibular bulbs, and is attached posteriorly to the
central tendinous point of the perineum, where it
blends with the Sphincter ani externus. Its fibers
pass forward on either side of the vagina to be
inserted into the corpora cavernosa clitoridis, a
fasciculus crossing over the body of the organ so as to
compress the deep dorsal vein.
 Ischiocavernosus

 covers the crus penis.

 It is an elongated muscle, broader in the middle than at either
end, and situated on the lateral boundary of the perineum.
 arises by tendinous and fleshy fibers from the inner surface of
the tuberosity of the ischium, behind the crus penis; and from
the rami of the pubis and ischium on either side of the crus.  
 inserted into the sides and under surface of the crus penis.
The Ischiocavernosus
compresses the crus
penis, and retards the
return of the blood
through the veins, and
thus serves to maintain
the organ erect.
 Ischiocavernosus (Erector clitoridis) in the female is
smaller than the corresponding muscle in the male. It covers
the unattached surface of the crus clitoridis. It is an elongated
muscle, broader at the middle than at either end, and situated
on the side of the lateral boundary of the perineum. Itarises by
tendinous and fleshy fibers from the inner surface of the
tuberosity of the ischium, behind the crus clitoridis; from the
surface of the crus; and from the adjacent portion of the
ramus of the ischium. From these points fleshy fibers succeed,
and end in an aponeurosis, which is inserted into the sides and
under surface of the crus clitoridis.
 There are two main categories of
female genital mutilation,
clitoridectomy, and infibulation.
 Clitoridectomy is the removal
of the clitoris. This is done to
decrease a woman's ability to
achieve orgasm, in the hopes to
keep her from having sex.
 Infibulation if the removal of
the clitoris, the labia minora, and
the labia majora. What remains of
the labia majora is sewn shut,
leaving a small opening only so
large as to allow the passage of
urine and menstrual blood. The
procedure is often used as a
means of protecting the virginity
of the woman, and to control her
sexual desires. 
The Muscles of the Lower Extremities
 I. Muscles of the Iliac Region.
 II. Muscles of the Thigh
III. Muscles of the Leg. 
IV. Muscles of the Foot.
 Psoas Major

  long fusiform muscle placed on the side of the lumbar region

of the vertebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis
 Origin: bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
 Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur (with iliacus) via
iliopsoas tendon
 the genitofemoral nerve pierces the anterior surface of the
psoas major
 Psoas Minor

a long slender muscle, placed in front of the Psoas

major
Origin: bodies of the T12 & L1 vertebrae
Insertion: iliopubic eminence at the line of junction
of the ilium and the superior pubic ramus
absent in 40% of cases
 Iliacus

 a flat, triangular muscle, which fills the iliac fossa

Origin: iliac fossa and iliac crest; ala of sacrum
Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur
inserts in company with the psoas major m. via the
iliopsoas tendon
 Anterior Thigh Muscles

Sartorius
Quadriceps Femoris (Rectus Femoris, Vastus
Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius)
Articularis genu
 Satorius

longest muscle in the body, is narrow and ribbon-like

Origin: anterior superior iliac spine
Insetion: medial surface of the tibia (pes anserinus)
sartorius means "tailor"; its actions put the lower
limb in the traditional cross-legged seated position of
a tailor
 Quadriceps Femoris

 Rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the

thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are
arranged in a bipenniform manner
 Origin: straight head- anterior inferior iliac spine; reflected
head - above the superior rim of the acetabulum
 Insertion: patella and tibial tuberosity (via the patellar
ligament)
 Quadriceps Femoris

The Vastus Lateralis is the largest part of the

Quadriceps femoris.
Origin: lateral intermuscular septum, lateral lip of
the linea aspera and the gluteal tuberosity
Insertion: patella and medial patellar retinaculum
 Quadriceps Femoris

The Vastus Medialis

Origin: medial intermuscular septum, medial lip of
the linea aspera
Insertion: patella and medial patellar retinaculum
 Quadriceps Femoris

The Vastus Intermedius

Origin: anterior and lateral surface of the femur
Insertion: patella
 Gracilis

the most superficial muscle on the medial side of the

thigh
Origin: pubic symphysis and the inferior pubic ramus
Insertion: medial surface of the tibia (via pes
anserinus)
the pes anserinus is the common insertion of the
gracilis, sartorius, and semitendinosus muscles
 Pectineus

a flat, quadrangular muscle, situated at the anterior

part of the upper and medial aspect of the thigh
Origin: pecten of the pubis
Insertion: pectineal line of the femur
 Adductor Longus

the most superficial of the three Adductores, is a

triangular muscle, lying in the same plane as the
Pectineus
Origin: medial portion of the superior pubic ramus
Insertion: linea aspera of the femur
 Adductor Brevis

 situated immediately behind the two preceding muscles. It is

somewhat triangular in form
 Origin: inferior pubic ramus
 Insertion: pectineal line and linea aspera (deep to the
pectineus and adductor longus mm.)
 anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve lie on
the anterior and posterior surfaces of adductor brevis
 Adductor Magnus

  large triangular muscle, situated on the medial side of the

thigh
 Origin: ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity
 Insertion: linea aspera of the femur; the ischiocondylar part
inserts on the adductor tubercle of the femur
 the ischiocondylar part of adductor magnus is a hamstring
muscle by embryonic origin and action, so it is innervated by
the tibial nerve
The Muscles of the Gluteal
Region
Glutæus maximus.
Glutæus medius
Glutæus minimus
Obturator internus.
Gemellus superior.
Gemellus inferior.
Tensor fasciæ latæ.
Quadratus femoris.
Piriformis.
Obturator externus.
The Hamstrings

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
 Biceps Femoris

situated on the posterior and lateral aspect of the

thigh
Origin: long head - ischial tuberosity; short head -
lateral lip of the linea aspera
Insertion: head of fibula and lateral condyle of the
tibia
 Semitendinosus

remarkable for the great length of its tendon of

insertion, is situated at the posterior and medial
aspect of the thigh
Origin: lower, medial surface of ischial tuberosity
(common tendon with biceps femoris m.)
Insertion: medial surface of tibia (via pes anserinus)
 Semimembranosus

so called from its membranous tendon of origin, is

situated at the back and medial side of the thigh
Origin: upper, outer surface of the ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial condyle of the tibia
 Muscles of the Leg

three groups: anterior,

posterior, and lateral.
Anterior

Tibialis anterior.
Extensor digitorum longus.
Extensor hallucis longus.
Peronæus tertius.
Posterior Group

Superficial versus Deep

Superficial muscles –
Gastrocnemius, Soleus,
Plantaris (GPS)
Deep muscles – Popliteus,
Flexor digitorum longus,
Flexor hallucis longus,
Tibialis posterior.
Lateral Group

Peronæus longus
Peronæus brevis
“Shoot for the moon.  Even if you miss, you'll land among the
stars.” ~Les Brown
 Lab Worksheet No. 2 (Midterms)

A. Draw the Axilla. In Tabular Form, identify its

boundaries and contents
B. Draw the Antecubital Fossa. In Tabular Form,
Identify its Boundaries and contents.
C. Draw the Popliteal Fossa. In Tabular Form, identify
its boundaries and contents.
D. Draw the Triangles of the neck. In your drawing,
identify the boundaries of the triangles. In a Tabular
form, identify the contents of each triangle.