What is Landscape

architecture?
Landscape architecture translates as the design of almost anything
under the sky. Think of iconic places like New York Citys Central
Park and the FDR Memorial in Washington, D.C.

But also consider your downtown square, your local park, or even
your own backyard. Green roofs, urban farms, corporate campuses
all define landscape architecture.
 What is Landscape
architecture?
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IS THE PROFESSION OF DESIGNING,
ARRANGING OR MODIFYING THE FEATURES OF A LANDSCAPE FOR
AESTHETICS, FUNCTIONAL AND PRACTICAL REASONS

IT IS THE CONSCIOUS ARTICULATION OF DESIGN OF OPEN SPACES

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE FUNCTIONAL AESTHETIC AND
ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS SO AS TO OBTAIN A MEANINGFUL
BALANCE BETWEEN THE SITE CHARACTERISTICS
 Who is a Landscape
architect?
Landscape architects typically hold a bachelors or masters degree
in landscape architecture, covering a broad spectrum of design,
science, and technical know-how. Topics include site design, historic
preservation, planning, grading and drainage, horticulture
Design isnt as simple
as just breaking out a
sketch pad or loading
computer design
software. Creating the
spaces we use to live,
work, and play requires
many stepsespecially
for larger-scale
landscape architecture
projects.
 How does LA marry into
Architecture

The question of whatlandscape architectureis and how it finds

its use is always present when projecting a certain building. The
garden shouldnt differ from the surrounding habitat, but should
instead be in harmony with it
 How does LA marry into
Architecture

It is nowadays very common for the space around the house to be in unison with
nature. It also finds its way in the projection of the scenery in the urbanized city
areas
Example 1 - the famous winery Cvune in La Rioja, Spain

The winning design proposal seeks to create a place where wine,

gastronomy and culture come together in symbiosis, and would
offer cultural events for local people, culinary experiences for
visitors and learning opportunities for young cooks
 Example 2 - design competition to transform the
centre of Aberdeen

It provides additional usable garden space, a landmark cultural and arts

centre, and promotes the Citys historic streets, revealing the arches,
vaults and bridge on Union Street and retaining the balustrades and
statues which are part of Aberdeens legacy
 Example3 - Merging Architecture and Landscape to Inspire
Conservation

Through conceptual magnification of its natural wonders, the Blue Wall

Center restores and highlights the important ecological systems of its
site, transforming a 165-acre former camp into an outdoor experience
that encourages visitors to enjoy, explore, understand, and conserve the
rich and unique landscape of the Upstate region of South Carolina
Example3 - Merging Architecture and Landscape to Inspire
Conservation
Example3 - Merging Architecture and Landscape to Inspire
Conservation
 Example 4 - the Korea Hydro Nuclear Power Headquarters

Located in the mountainous landscape of Gyeongju,South Korea, the

Korea Hydro Nuclear Power Headquarters avoids becoming an
obtrusive landmark tower in order to respect the geographic and
Example 4 - the Korea Hydro Nuclear Power Headquarters
Example 5 - VW Autostadt Roof and Service Pavilion Wolfsburg
Example 5 - VW Autostadt Roof and Service Pavilion Wolfsburg

The orientation of the roof represents a welcoming gesture through

its curvature. The elegant amorphous geometry of the roof
structure forms an evident bridge between top and bottom,
between sky and landscape
 Example 6 - Autostadt Wolfsburg Building

Curving lines and exciting bends make the Pavilion a dynamic yet
reduced sculpture with its characteristics derived from the Porsche
brand image. The structure captures the dynamic flow of driving
Example 6 - Autostadt Wolfsburg Building
The scope of intergrating landscape into your building is unlimited

You can put it

On top of a building
Around a building
In a building
On the faade of a building
Even under a building!
Familiar faces in LA
Familiar faces in LA

Frederick Law Olmstead

Frederick Law Olmstead
Capability Brown
Peter Walker
Peter Walker
Charles Jencks
Garden of Serenity
Peter Latz
Edwin Lutyens
Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi
Marta Shwartz
Jacob Javits Plaza, NY
 LANDSCAPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

01: OBEY THE "LAW" OF SIGNIFICANT ENCLOSURE

The law of significant enclosure says that we feel enclosed when

thevertical edge of a space is at least one-third the length of
the horizontal spacewere inhabiting
 LANDSCAPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

02: FOLLOW THE REGULATING LINE

The idea is that an element of architecture (for example, a

doorway, or a building edge, even a window mullion) or a
distinctive landscape feature (prominent tree, existing pool,
property boundary) can generatean imaginary line that helps
connect and organize the design.
 LANDSCAPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

03: USE THE GOLDEN RECTANGLE TO GET

PROPORTIONS RIGHT
 LANDSCAPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

04: DESIGNING STEPS & LEVELS

LANDSCAPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

05: SIZE MATTERS

A final rule related to scale and the

sculpting of space is this:Go
big.Faced with a decision to make a
staircase wider or narrower, a pool
longer or shorter, a pergola higher or
lower, the answer is almost always
the former.
 LANDSCAPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

07: PLANT IN MASSES & SOLITARY

there is a power to seeing a quantity of one plantthat is genuinely

affecting. Russell Page, one of the great twentieth-century landscape
designers said it well: the most striking and satisfying visual pleasure
comes from the repetition or the massing of one simple element
 LANDSCAPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

UNITY I LINE I FORM I TEXTURE I COLOR I SCALE I BALANCE

SIMLICITY & VARIETY I EMPHASIS I SEQUENCE

KONGJIAN YU,
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
Bringing people back to the water is the central idea. It was important to accommodate
public use of the river front and to create a series of activities and parks along the
riverbanks to enliven the area.
- Nan Zhou
 Su Qian

The goal of the master plan was to create a development along a

26-square kilometer area in the center of the city that is situated on
both sides of the 15-kilometer long, ancient Yellow River front.

The planning strategy focused on creating a series of distinct

districts connected by pedestrian oriented parks and walkways as
well as convenient mass transit such as water taxis and electric
buses. All spaces are focused on connecting the river with the
community as a whole.

The districts of agriculture, industry, education, regional sports,

central business, culture and entertainment, eco-park, and natural
habitat areas are planned with a mix of uses including residential
and commercial to form a diversity of connected neighborhoods
Zhongshan Shipyard Park Turenscape
We don't have to build those gigantic, baroque-style landscapes. We can
actually just build a tiny, skinny red ribbon, and it's functional. We
integrated all these functions urban people wanted: seating, board
walks, and lighting.
We should not take more than what we need. We should create what we
need minimal intervention and use modern art, modern technology. It's
called modern, but you can see it's still Chinese. Red Ribbon: it has
Chinese color, and style
 What is Ecology?

Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms,

including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to
understand the vital connections between plants and animals and
the world around them. Ecology also provides information about the
benefits of ecosystems and how we can use Earth's resources in
ways that leave the environment healthy for future generations
 What is an ecosystem?

An ecosystem consists of all living and non living things in a

particular environment
 COMPONENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM

ATMOSPHERE Gaseous portion of the ecosystem

HYDROSPHERE Liquid portion of the ecosystem

LITHOSPHERE Solid portion of the ecosystem

BIOTIC COMPONENTS LIVING

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS NON LIVING

 Natural Resources

Natural resources are living and nonliving materials in the environment that are
used by humans. There are two types: renewable (wildlife, fish, timber, water) and
nonrenewable (fossil fuels and minerals).
DEFINITIONS
 Environment

The environment is the surroundings of an organism including the physical and

chemical environment, and other organisms with which it comes into contact. This
term is most frequently used in a human context, often referring to factors
affecting our quality of life
 How does Ecology affect me?

Pollution From Laundry Detergents And Fertilizers

Two of the major causes of poor water quality in lakes and
streams-phosphorous and nitrogen-which were found in large
amounts in laundry detergents and fertilizers. Provided with this
kind of information, we cantake the necessary steps to help restore
their communities' lakes and streams-many of which are once
Ecologists have discovered that marshes and wetlands filter toxins and other
impurities from water. Communities can reap the benefit of this ecological
service.

Leaving some of these filtering ecosystems intact can reduce the burden
on water treatment plants that have been built to perform the same
service. By using natural filtering systems, we have the option to build
fewer new treatment plants
 Biomedical Contributions

Ecologists have discovered that many plants and animals produce

chemicals that protect them from predators and diseases. Some of
these same chemicals have been synthesized by scientists or
harvested from the organism and used to treat human diseases.
For example, the Pacific Yew tree produces a substance which is used
in cancer treatments
 Natural Resource Management

Endangered Species Protection

Some of our nation's most cherished species, such as the tiger or the
rhino as well as countless other less familiar species have either been
brought back from the brink of extinction or their populations have
been stabilized. These successes are the result of successful captive
breeding efforts, reintroduction methods, and a greater understanding
of species, in part because of ecological research
 Natural Resource Management

Forestry Solutions
Ecological concepts have been applied to forest management and are
slowly being integrated into traditional forest science. For example,
ecological studies have shown that fire plays a key role in maintaining
healthy forest ecosystems in certain types of forests. This knowledge
has encouraged more research to find ways to use controlled fires to
prevent unpredictable and costly wildfires.
 Natural Resource Management

Biological control is a technique that uses the natural enemies and

predators of pests to control damage to crops. It is based in part on
knowing the ecology of pests, which is used to understand when and
where they are the most vulnerable to their enemies. Biological
control alleviates crop damage by insects, saves money, and
decreases problem associated with pesticides.
 Natural Resource Management
Fishing solutions

Ecological research has shown that estuaries are nursery grounds for fish
populations that live in coastal waters, an important reason to protect
these areas. Ecological research has also identified obstacles, such as
dams, that fish encounter when returning to their breeding areas. This
information can be used to help design structures for fish so they can
move around these obstacles to reach their breeding areas
 Environmental Issues & Building Design

According to the scientific community, climate change is happening

and its effects will have severe consequences for our society and
environment. Reducing energy use in buildings is one of the most
important ways to reduce humans overall environmental impact
 COASTAL REGULATED ZONES (CRZ)

CRZ -I CRZ -II CRZ -III CRZ -IV

 ZONING

PRESERVATION

CONSERVATION

DEVELOPMENT
Wastelands are lands which are unproductive, unfit for cultivation, grazing and other economic
uses due to rough terrain and eroded soils. The lands which are waterlogged and saline are also
termed as wastelands. The loss of fertility followed by erosion also leads to the conversion of
marginal forest lands into wastelands
Reclamationis the act of returning something to a former, better sta
 Wasteland Reclamation:
8 Ways of Wasteland Reclamation
1.Afforestation:

It means growing the forest over culturable wasteland

2.Reforestation:

Growing the forest again over the lands where they were existing and was
destroyed due to fires, overgrazing, and excessive cutting. Reforestation checks
water logging, floods, soil erosion and increase productivity of land
3.Providing surface cover:

The easiest way to protect the land surface from soil erosion is of leave
crop residue on the land after harvesting
4.Mulching:

Here also protective cover of organic matter and plants like stalks,
cotton stalks, tobacco stalks etc. are used which reduce evaporation,
help in retaining soil moisture and reduce soil erosion
5.Changing Ground Topography on Downhills:
Running water erodes the hill soil and carries the soil along with it.
This can be minimized by following alternation in ground topography:

(a) Strip farming:

Different kinds of crops are planted in alternate strip along the
contour.
(b) Terracing:
In this arrangement, the earth is shaped in the form of levelled terraces
to hold soil and water. The terrace edges are planted with such plant
species which anchor the soil.
(c) Contour ploughing:

In this arrangement, the ploughing of land is done across the hill and
not in up and down style.
6. Leaching:

In salt affected land, the salinity can be minimized by leaching them

with more water
7. Changing agricultural practices:

Like mixed cropping, crop rotation and cropping of plants are adopted to
improve soil fertility
 Reuse & Reclamation: Abandoned
Industrial Site

Gas Works Park inSeattle, Washington

Designer:Richard Haag
Bioremediationis a waste management technique that involves
the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a
contaminated site

Bioremediationis a treatment that uses naturally occurring

organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non
 Reuse & Reclamation: Post-Industrial
Factory Landscape

Landscape Park Duisburg Nord inDuisburg, Germany

Designer:Latz + Partners
 Reuse: Abandoned Transportation
Infrastructure

e High Line in New York City

signer:James Corner Field Operations,Diller Scofidio + Renfro, andPiet Ouldorf
 Remediation: Brownfield into Greenfield

Alumnae Valley, Wellesley College, Wellesley MA

Designer:Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates
Brownfieldis a term used inurban planningto describelandpreviously
used forindustrialpurposes or some commercial uses. Such land may
have been contaminated withhazardous wasteorpollution
Reclamation: Wetlands from Wasteland

Fresh Kills Park in Staten Island, NY

Designer:James Corner Operations
 Reclamation: Waterfront Revitalization

The Red Ribbon in Tanghe River Park,Qinhuangdao City, Hebei

Province, China
Designer:Beijing Turen Design Instituteand
Peking University Graduate School of Landscape Architecture
 Disaster Response: Sustainable Farming

Viet Village Urban Farm in New Orleans, Louisiana

Designer:Mossop + Michaels
 Recharging: Permeable Paving

The Green Alley at Boston Architectural College inBoston,

Massachusetts
Designer:Halvorson Design Partnership
 Rehabilitation: Public Gardens

The Gardens of Alcatraz in San Francisco Ba

The Garden Conservancy, National Park Service, and National Parks Association
Re-imagining: Memorializing Battlefields

Herinneringspar in Westhoek, Flanders,

Belgium
Designer:Stoss Landscape Urbanism
Environmental Impact Assessment is a tool used for decision making regarding projects,
developments and programmes

EIA is intended to identify the Environmental, Social and Economic impacts of a proposed
development prior to decision making

This means that it is easy to identify:

1.The most environmentaly suitable option at an early stage

2.The Best Practicable Environmental Option

3.Alternative processes.
The project managers can then address these problems in order to avoid or minimise
environmental impacts in conjunction with their project planning. This results in the likelyhood
of the project planning stages running smoother

The Environmental Assessment is carried out by the Developer although the task is often carried
out by Environmental Consultants. Environmental Assessment is carried out in order to produce
an Environmental Statement.

The Environmental Statement must include:

A description of the project: location, design, scale, size etc

Description of significant effects

Mitigating Measures

A Non-Technical summary
There are two steps in EIA. The two stages are

Preliminary Assessment: Carried out in the early stages of planning

Detailed Assessment: Carried out during project planning until the project plan is completed and
are reported formally as an Environmental Statement
Environmental Statements
The EIA is the process required to produce the Environmental Statement. The EIS is a
comprehensive document that reports the findings of the EIA. This is the final stage of the EIA
process and is now often required by law before a new project can proceed.

A typical EIS can be broken down into three parts with different levels of detail:
Volume 1 - a comprehensive and concise document drawing together all relevant information
regarding the project; Non-Technical Summary (NTS) - a brief report of volume one in non-
technical language so that it can easily be understood by the public;

Volume 2 - a volume which contains detailed assessment of the significant environmental effects.
(This is not necessary if there are no significant effects either before or after mitigation)
Screening
This is used to decide whether an Environmental Assessment is required. There are two lists,
referred to as schedules.

Schedule 1 - Environmental Assessments are required in every case. Schedule 1 projects range
from "an integrated works for the initial melting of cast-iron and steel", to "a thermal power
station or other combustion installation with a heat output of 300 MW or more.

Schedule 2 - Environmental Assessments are required if the project is likely to give rise to
significant environmental effects by virtue of factors of their nature, size or location. The list of
Schedule 2 projects is greater than that of schedule 1. It covers projects from "a holiday village"
to "peat extraction" and "pig rearing" to "a shipyard".

Screening is a comprehensive and clear method of decision making. It is practical, quick and
easy to use.
What is Scoping?
Scoping is used to identify the key issues of concern at an early stage in the planning process.
Scoping should be carried out at an early stage in order to aid site selection and identify any
possible alternatives.

The scoping process should involve all interested parties such as the proponent and planning or
environmental agencies and members of the public.

The results of scoping will form determine the scope, depth and terms of reference to be
addressed within the Environmental Statement.
Why carry out Scoping?
To identify the key issues and concerns of the interested parties.
Who is concerned?
What are their concerns?
Why are they concerned?
What is the threshold of concern where change becomes unacceptable?

When ineffective scoping occurs delays are caused by additional time being required to assess
unidentified impacts.

Once the site for development has been selected the scoping angle changes. There will be a
decrease in the number of issues and an increase in attention to detail . Scoping should be an
ongoing exercise throughout the course of the project.
 MITIGATING MEASURES, DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY &
ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS

Mitigating Measures
This reviews the action taken to prevent, avoid or minimise the actual or potential adverse effects
of a project. The measure could include the abandoning or modifying of a proposal, substitution
of techniques using BATNEEC (Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Costs). This
would include the various pollution abatement techniques that would be required to reduce
emissions to the legal limits.
Uncertainty
If the uncertainties are great, with the possibility of grave consequences and no mitigating
measures then the development plan is rejected. If there are uncertainties that might me reduced
by further studies then the applicationis deferred until further studies are carried out.
Alternatives
This includes both alternative sites and alternative techniques.

This search must be genuine, well documented and carried out before a choice has been made. It
is usually the case that alternative sites are available as well as practical although this is not
always the case.

Some projects are site specific such as mining. The extraction can only occur were the mineral is
sited. In such cases an EIS is pointless although other measures such as scale, mitigating
measures and traffic management are addressed