LAWS OF

THERMODYNAMICS

PREPARED BY:
ENGR. VINCENT B. ROSELL, RME
 ZEROTH LAW
States that when two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium with the third body,
they are in thermal equilibrium with each
other and hence at the same temperature.
Thermom
eter
 FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
First law of thermodynamics pointed out that energy
can be neither created nor destroyed; it can only
change in forms.
The first law can be stated as follows:
During the interaction between a system and its
surroundings, the amount of energy gained by a
system must be exactly equal to the amount of
energy lost by the surroundings.
Energy can cross the boundary of a closed system in
two distinct forms: HEAT and WORK.
FORMS OF ENERGY
POTENTIAL
ENERGY, PE
Is an energy produced due to the
change in elevation.

elevation

gravitational force
mass
POTENTIAL ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY, KE
Is an energy produced due to the
mass and velocity or its momentum of
a moving body.
Kinetic energy a body possesses is a
function of its mass and velocity

elocity,
m
 elocity,
m

For English Unit: KE=

For SI Unit: KE= N-m
ft-lbs

 WORK
Like heat, it is an energy interaction between a system and
its surroundings.
Energy can cross the boundary of a closed system in the form
of HEAT or WORK. If the energy crossing the boundary of a
closed system is not heat, it must be work.
Is the energy transfer associated with a force acting through
a distance. A rising piston and a rotating shaft are all
associated with work interactions.
Is also a form of energy like heat and therefore has energy
units such as kJ.
The work per unit time is called POWER.

Then, we can simply say that an energy interaction which is not

sign convention for heat and wo

(+)
(-) Q
SYSTEM
(-)
(+) W
mples of system producing positive work
1. Car engines
2. Steam engine
3. Hydraulic
4. Gas turbine
Note: the work direction of this engines are out from the system. Means if
the work direction is inflow to the system then the sign of work value is
negative.

mples of system producing negative wor

1. pumps
2. compressors
3. mixers
Note: work direction of these engines are entering to the
system.
 HEAT
HEAT is formed due to temperature difference.
Is an energy in transit from one body to another as the result of a
temperature difference between the two bodies.
Heat will pass from one body to another and only when a
temperature difference in temperature exist between the two
bodies.
The quantity of heat is measured in BRITISH THERMAL UNITS.
BTU is defined as the quantity of heat required to change the
temperature of 1 lb water in 1 degree Fahrenheit.
SPECIFIC HEAT of any substance is the quantity of energy in BTU
required to change the temperature of a 1 lb mass in1 degree
Fahrenheit.
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM occur when there can be no transfer of
energy as heat between the body and its sorroundings.
 Heat energy causes
SENSIBLE or accompanies a
change in the
HEAT temperature a
substance.

Heat energy causes

LATENT or accompanies a
change in phase of
HEAT a substance.
 When the change
Latent occurs between the
Heat of solid and liquid
phases in either
Fusion direction.

When the change

Latent occurs between the
Heat of liquid and vapor
phases in either
Fusion direction.


HEATER

Q
Where:
m=mass
Cp=specific heat
t1=initial temperature
T2=final temperature
For water: Cp = 4.187kJ/kg-
K = 1 Btu/lb-R
ENERGY EQUATION
A. If WORK is done on the system and HEAT is
rejected:




SYST

EM

 FORMULAS

GLECTING POTENTIAL ENERGY, KINETIC ENERGY AND HEAT:

3
B. If WORK is done BY the system and HEAT is
rejected:




SYST

EM

 FORMULAS

GLECTING POTENTIAL ENERGY, KINETIC ENERGY AND HEAT:

3
For Example

A steam turbine receives 70 pounds of

steam per minute with an enthalpy of
1600 Btu per second and a velocity of
100 ft/sec. It leaves the turbine at 900
ft/sec and 1320 Btu/pound enthalpy.
The radiation loss is 84,000 Btu/hr. find
the horsepower output.

Q
Turbine w

PRACTICE PROBLEM
Air and fuel enter a furnace used for
home heating. The air has an enthalpy of
302 kJ/kg and the fuel has an enthalpy of
43,207 kJ/kg. The gases leaving the
furnace have an enthalpy of 616 kJ/kg.
There are 17 kg air /kg fuel. The house
requires 17.6 kW of heat. What is the fuel
consumption per day?
 gas

Air
Heat

Given:

Furnace

fuel

 gas

Air
Heat

Furnace

fuel

 SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS

THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS is a directional

law in that it states that HEAT TRANSFER will always
occur of its own accord down a temperature gradient as
a natural temperature.

HEAT TRANSFER can be made to transfer up a gradient

but not without the aid of external energy.
 SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
NOTE:

Natural heat transfer down a temperature gradient

degrades energy to a less valuable level.
Unless there is a temperature difference, there is no
heat transfer.
If two objects are not the same temperature then, heat
will always flow from high to low temperatures.
- hot object will decrease in temperature and cold
object will increase in temperature until they are both the
same temperature.
 ENTROPY
Entropy is randomness, i.e., disorder,
spread out,
lack of structure, messiness, etc.
Entropy is a measure of how evenly spread
out the energy is.

Entropy must increase (unless controlled

by an intelligence). Means that:
Machines cannot be 100% efficient.
 TALK ABOUT THE STEAM ENGINES ON TRAINS IN
THE 1800S

3.) Steam
HEATED WATER Turbine
More heat
wasted on
Friction at joints.

FIRE HEAT LOSS2.) Water Tank.

Cold water enters,
heated by fire box,
1.) Fire box. exits to steam turbine.
Some heat rises up to heat water,
Heat lost to non insulated
but most escapes to air around box.
water tank and pipes.
TALK ABOUT THE STEAM ENGINES ON TRAINS IN
THE 1800S

HEATED WATER

HEAT LOSS?
WHERE DOES
FIRE HEAT LOSS THE LOST HEAT
GO TO?
WHAT DOES IT
DO?
TALK ABOUT THE STEAM ENGINES ON TRAINS IN
THE 1800S

HEATED WATER

Heat Loss: goes where?

FIRE HEAT LOSSHeat is lost to air. It increases the

temperature of the air molecules,
which means the speed of the air
molecules increase, which makes
them more random, i.e., it
TALK ABOUT THE STEAM ENGINES ON TRAINS IN
THE 1800S

HEATED WATER

So how efficient are engines?
FIRE HEAT LOSSEfficiency is
if you get 1000J of work produced
going out and put 4000J of heat in,
you have a 1000J/4000J = 25%
efficient engine.
TALK ABOUT THE STEAM ENGINES ON TRAINS IN
THE 1800S

HEATED WATER

1.) Fire box.

If only 2/7 of heat goes up to water, best
efficiency is 28% (=2/7). More of the heat
FIRE HEAT LOSSis lost from the hot water tank and due to
friction in the turbine. These 1800 train
engines were only 5 to 10% efficient.

Modern car engines are about 30%

efficient. They best that modern cars can
TALK ABOUT THE STEAM ENGINES ON TRAINS IN
THE 1800S

HEATED WATER

2nd Law of Thermo leads to:

Machines cannot be 100%
FIRE HEAT LOSSefficient which means that:
1.) You cannot build a perpetual
motion machine
2.) You cannot create energy,
(i.e., efficiency cannot exceed
 SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
SADI CARNOT (1796-1832)
Whenever a temperature difference exists, motive power can be produced

RUDOLF CLAUSIUS (1822-1888)

It is impossible for a self-acting machine, unaided by any external agency
to convey heat from a body at a low temperature to one at a higher
temperature.

Note that the implication here is that, unless external energy is made
available , heat transfer up a gradient of temperature is impossible.
The fact that heat transfer made to occur up a temperature gradient is
made manifest in the refrigerator. However the refrigerator is NOT SELF-
ACTING.
 SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
WILLIAM THOMPSON, later LORD KELVIN (1824-1907)
We cannot transfer heat into work merely by cooling a body already below
the temperature of the coldest surrounding objects.

This implies that when a body reaches the temperature of the coldest
surrounding objects no further HEAT TRANSFER is possible and hence no
further WORK TRANSFER is possible.
MAX PLANCK (1858-1947)
It is impossible to construct a system which will operate in a cycle,
extract heat from a reservoir , and do an equivalent amount of work on
the sorroundings.

This statement implies the inability to completely convert heat transfer

into work transfer. The inference is that there always be some heat
transfer rejection which is a lost from the system.
 SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Kelvin-Planck Statement (Lord Kelvin and Max Planck)
It is impossible to construct a heat engine which operates in a cycle and
receives a given amount of heat from a high temperature body and does
an equal amount of work.
No heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of 100%.

Any device that violates the First law of thermodynamics is called

Perpetual motion machine of the first kind.
Any device that violates the Second law of thermodynamics is called
Perpetual motion machine of the second kind.
Any device that violates the first and second law of thermodynamics is
called perpetual motion machines.
 THIRD LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
This law is concerned with the level of availability of energy.
The concept of this law tells us that at the absolute zero of the temperature, the
entropy of a perfect crystal of a substance is zero.
This means absolutely no entropy.
So it cant be reached.
Ent
mea ropy
s u i s
eve re o a
nly f ho
the s pre w
e n e ad o u
rgy t
is.