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P P
tensile compressive
P
single shear
P/2
P
P/2
double shear
punching shear
3. Bearing brought about by two surfaces in contact.
- the resisting area is the area of contact (bearing area).
- in case of rivets or bolts fitted in a hole, bearing area is
equal to the diameter of the hole/rivet times thickness of
plate. (the rivet/bolt bears with the plate)
P d
bearing area, A
Aa P
t
Figure:
Steel, A= 500mm2 Aluminum, A= 400mm2 Bronze, A= 200mm2
2P
4P P
G iven:
Maximum allowable stress for steel = 140 MPa
Maximum allowable stress for aluminum = 90 MPa
Maximum allowable stress for bronze = 100 Mpa
Solution:
P = A
where:
P = 400kN = 400000N
= 120MPa
A = (1/4)D2 (1/4)(1002)
A = (1/4) (D210000)
thus,
400000 = 120[(1/4) (D210000)]
400000 = 30 D2300000
D2 = (400000+300000 )/(30 )
D = 119.35mm answer
Prob. The block of weight W hangs from the pin at A. The wires AB and AC are pinned to the
support at B and C. The cross-sectional areas are 0.4 in.2 for AB and 0.5 in.2 for AC.
Neglecting the weights of the wires, determine the maximum safe value of W if the stress
in either wire is limited to 30 ksi.
Given: Figure:
Maximum allowable stress of the wire = 30 ksi
Cross-sectional area of wire AB = 0.4 in2
Cross-sectional area of wire AC = 0.5 in2
Required: Largest weight, W B C
Solution:
Fx = 0 30 A 50
TABCos30-TACCos50= 0 (eqn. 1)
TAB = TACCos50/Cos30 = 0.7421TAC TAB TAC
W
Fy = 0
TABSin30+TACSin50= W (eqn. 2) 30
50
0.741TAC(Sin30)+TACSin50= W
TAC= 0.8794W
TAB= 0.6527W
W
Solution:
By symmetry:
Pbr = Pst = (7848)/2 steel
bronze
Pbr = 3924N
Pst = 3924N
For bronze cable:
Pbr = brAbr 800kg
3924 = 90Abr 5m
5m
Abr = 43.6mm2 answer FBD:
Given:
Required diameter of hole = 20 mm
Thickness of plate = 25 mm
Shear strength of plate = 350 MN/m2
Required: Force required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole
Solution:
The resisting area is the shaded area along the perimeter, and the
shear force V is equal to the punching force P.
= V/A
V= P = A where, A = (circumference of the hole) X (thickness of
plate)
P=350[(20)(25)]
P=549778.7N
P=549.8kN answer
Problem: (Normal Compressive stresses) P
Given:
Size of steel bearing plate = 12-inches square
Size of concrete footing = 12-inches square
Size of wooden post = 8-inches diameter wood
Allowable compressive stress for wood = 1800 psi
Allowable bearing stress for concrete = 650 psi steel
Required: Maximum safe value of load P
Solution :
concrete
For wood:
Pw = w Aw
Pw = 1800[ (82)/4]
Pw = 90477.9 lbs.
2.2 = 0.03F
70mm
F = 73.33kN
F V
Prob. Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as
shown in the figure below. The diameter of the pin is 20mm.
Given: Figure:
Diameter of pin at B = 20 mm
Required: Shearing stress of the pin at B
Solution:
From the FBD:
MC = 0
0.25RBY= 0.25(40sin35)+0.2(40cos35)
RBY= 49.156kN
Fx= 0
RBX= 40cos35 RBX
RBX= 32.766kN
RB2 = R2BX + R2BY
RB2 = 32.76622 + 49.15622
RBY RCY
RB=59.076kN shear force of pin at B
VB = B A (double shear) RB
RBY
59.076(1000)= B [2(/4)(202)
B = 94.02MPa answer
Prob. The lap joint shown below is fastened by four -in. diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to
14ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18ksi. Assume the applied load is
equally divided among the four rivets.
Given: Figure:
Diameter of each rivet = 3/4 inch
Maximum allowable shear stress of rivet = 14 ksi
Maximum allowable bearing stress of plate = 18 ksi
Solution:
Required: The maximum safe value of P
that can be applied
Solution:
Based on shearing (single) of one rivet:
P /4 = A
P = 4 [14(/4)(3/4)2]
P = 24.74kips)
Based on bearing on the plate or rivet:
P/4 = b A b
A b = diameter of rivet x thickness of plate P P/4 (each rivet
P = 4 [18(3/4)(7/8)]
P = 47.25kips
Safe load P = 24.74kips answer
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
-- A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist
bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.
F = pA = pDL
T= t A wall = t tL
Fx = 0
F = 2T
pDL=2(t tL)
t = pD/(2t)
t=(pi po)D/(2t)
B. LONGITUDINAL STRESS, L
The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal
to the total longitudinal stress on the wall PT= L Awall.
Since t is so small compared to D, the resisting area of the
wall is close to Dt
F = pA = p (/4)D2
PT = L Dt
Fx = 0
PT=F
L Dt = p (/4)D2
L = pD/ (4t)
If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be
expressed as:
L = ( p I po )D/ (4t)
It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.
t = 2L
Spherical Vessel:
If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p, the
stress at the wall can be expressed as:
t = (pD)/(4t)
t=(pi po)D/(4t)
Derivation:
Fx = 0:
t
t (Dt) = P
P is the resultant force due to pressure p acting on area A
P = p(D2)/4
P
t (Dt) = p(D2)/4
t = (pD)/(4t)
Prob. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400mm in diameter with a wall thickness
of 20mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the
tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the
internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2?
(c) if the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the
type of fracture that would occur.
Given:
Diameter of cylindrical pressure vessel = 400 mm
Wall thickness = 20 mm
Internal pressure,p = 4.5 MN/m2
Allowable stress = 120 MN/m2
Required:
Longitudinal stress; tangential stress
Maximum amount of internal pressure that can be applied
Expected fracture if failure occurs
Solution:
Part (a)
F=2T
pDL=2(ttL)
t =pD/(2t)= 4.5(400)/[(2)(20)]
t =45MPa answer
Longitudinal Stress (transverse section):
F=P
(1/4)D2 p= lL(Dt)
L=(pD)/(4t) = [(4.5)(400)]/[(4)(20)]
L =22.5MPa answer
Part (b)
From (a), t =pD/(2t) and L=(pD)/(4t), thus t = 2L .
This shows that tangential stress is the critical.
t = (pD)/(2t)
120=[(p)(400)] / [(2)(20)]
p=12MPa answer
Given: Figure:
Diameter of spherical tank = 4 ft
Wall thickness = 5/16 inch
Maximum stress = 8000 psi
Required: Allowable internal pressure
Solution:
Given : t = 20mm
D = 450mm
L = 140 MPa (limit)
t = 60 Mpa (limit)
Solution:
Basing from limit longitudinal stress:
L=(pD) / (4t)
p = (4t)( L ) / D
= [4(20)](140)/450
p = 24.89 MPa.
Basing from limit tangential or circumferential stress
t =pD/(2t)
p = (2t)( t) /D
= [2(20)](60)/450
= 5.33 MPa.
Therefore, maximum internal pressure that can be applied is 5.33 MPa.
Problem 138: The strength of the longitudinal joint of the cylindrical pressure vessel is 33 kips/ft.
whereas the strength of the girth joint is 16 kips/ft. Calculate the maximum
diameter of the vessel if the internal pressure is 150 psi.
The principle in thin walled vessel may also be applied in a thin rotating ring
.
In this case, the bursting force is generated by the centrifugal force developed
in half of the ring. The centrifugal force is obtained by assuming that the mass of
half of the ring is concentrated at its center of gravity.
F = mro 2
r
where m is the mass of half the ring,
ro defines the location of the center of gravity F
of half the ring, and is the angular ro
velocity of the ring in radians per unit time.
P
If is the mass per unit volume of the ring,
A is the cross sectional area of the ring, and r is
the radius of the ring,
m = (Volume) = Ar
F = (Ar)(2 r / ) 2 = ( 2 A) r 2 2
F = 2 A v2
2P = F thus, P = A v2
= v2
Problem: At what angular velocity will the stress in a rotating steel ring equal 150 Mpa if its mean
radius is 220 mm . and the density of steel is 7.85 Mg/m3.
Given : = 150 MPa = 150 x 10 6 N/m2
mass density = 7.85 Mg/m3
mean radius r = 220 mm.
Solution:
= v2
(Kg-m/sec2 ) Mg Kg
150 x 10 6 ----------------- = (7.85 ------ ) (10 3) ------ v2
m2 m3 Mg
v = 138.23 m/sec
But v = r, thus
= v/r = (138.23 m/sec) / (0.22m)
= 628.331 rad/sec)