Quantitative Data

Analysis
Purpose of Data Analysis
Describe or summarize data
clearly

Searchfor consistent patterns or

themes among data

Enable you to answer your

research questions
Quantitative Analysis
You should choose a level of
analysis that is appropriate for
your research question

You should choose the type of

statistical analysis appropriate for
the variables you have
Nominal/Categorical, Ordinal, or
Continuous
Types of Statistical
Analysis
Descriptive
Used to describe and summarize
data

Inferential
Used to make inferences or
predictions about the similarity of a
sample to the population which from
which the sample is drawn.
Quantitative Levels of
Analysis
Univariate - simplest
form,describe a case in terms of
a single variable.
Bivariate - subgroup
comparisons, describe a case in
terms of two variables
simultaneously.
Multivariate - analysis of two or
more variables simultaneously.
Univariate Analysis
Describing a case in terms of the
distribution of attributes that comprise
it.
Example:
Gender - number of women, number of
men.

You should always begin your analysis

by running the basic univariate
frequencies and checking to be sure
data were entered properly
Univariate Analysis
Frequency distributions

Measures of central tendency

Mean, Median, Mode
Common Types of Descriptive
Statistics
Percentage (and usually the
Frequency)
The number per 100 individuals who
achieved a certain score.
Mean
The arithmetic average of a
distribution of scores
Standard Deviation
The average deviation between the
individual scores in the distribution
and the mean for the distribution
Percentages and
Proportions
Percentages and
Proportions
What percentage of a group of
people is female?
The whole is the number of people in
the group social science major
229
The part is the number of females.
No. of female = 132
No of male = 97
Q = What % of social science majors is
male?
Percentages and Proportions:
Example
What % of social science majors
is male?
of (whole) = all social science majors
97 + 132 = 229
is (part) = male social science majors
97
(97/229) * 100 = (.4236) * 100 =
42.36%
42.36% of social science majors are
male
Ratios
Compare the relative sizes of
categories.
Compare parts to parts.
Ratio = f1 / f2
f1 - number of cases in first category
f2 number of cases in second
category
Ratios
In a class of 23 females and 19
males, the ratio of males to females
is:
19/23 = 0.83
For every female, there are 0.83 males.
Inthe same class, the ratio of
females to males is:
23/19 = 1.21
For every male, there are 1.21 females.
Frequency Distributions
(cont.)
A frequency distribution is an
organized tabulation showing exactly
how many individuals are located in
each category on the scale of
measurement.
A frequency distribution presents an
organized picture of the entire set of
scores, and it shows where each
individual is located relative to others
in the distribution.

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Frequency Distribution
Graphs
In a frequency distribution graph,
the score categories (X values) are
listed on the X axis and the
frequencies are listed on the Y axis.

When the score categories consist of

numerical scores from an interval or
ratio scale, the graph should be either
a histogram or bar chart.

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Histograms
In a histogram, a bar is
centered above each score (or
class interval) so that the height
of the bar corresponds to the
frequency and the width extends
to the real limits, so that adjacent
bars touch.

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Cumulative frequency
Cumulative means adding up, so
a cumulative frequency diagram
requires a running total of the
frequency.
Marks Frequency Cumulativ
e
frequency
5 2 2
4 3 5
3 4 9
2 2 11
1 1 12
Central Tendency
Purpose to represent the typical
score attained by subjects
Three common measures
Mode
Median
Mean
Central Tendency
Mode
The most frequently occurring score
Appropriate for nominal data
Median
The score above and below which 50% of
all scores lie (i.e., the mid-point)
Characteristics
Appropriate for ordinal scales
Doesnt take into account the value of each and
every score in the data
Central Tendency
Mean
The arithmetic average of all scores
Characteristics
Advantageous statistical properties
Affected by outlying scores
Most frequently used measure of central
tendency
When to Use Mean

When you want to determine the

typical or average level of
performance for a group.

As we prepare to ultimately analyze

data to prove or disprove our
hypothesis, we must first find the
average scores on the pre-test and
post-test for both 6th grade classes.
When to Use Standard
Deviation

When you need to determine how

much a set of scores vary from each
other.
Standard Deviation (SD)
Standard Deviation a measure of
the variability, or spread, of a set of
scores around the mean
Should be small number
Intuitively, the sum of the differences
between each score and the mean
(known as deviation scores) appears
to be a good approach for measuring
variability around the mean

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Formulae SD
Mean
The mean is the arithmetic
average of the scores
The calculation of the mean
considers both the number of
scores and their value
The formula for the mean of the
variable X is:
X
M
n
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Median
The median is the middle point in an
ordered distribution at which an equal
number of scores lie on each side of it

Itis also known as the 50th percentile

(P50), or 2nd quartile (Q2)

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Median
The position of the median (Mdn) can
be calculated as follows:

n 1
Mdn
2

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Median
Step One:
Place the scores in order from lowest to highest.
71, 72, 73, 74, 75
Step Two:
Calculate the position of the median using the
following formula:

n 1
Mdn
2
5 1
Mdn 3rd score
2

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Median
Step Three:
Determine the value of the median by
counting from either the highest or the
lowest score until the desired score is
reached (in this case the 3rd score)

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Median for even amount of
number
In
that case we need to find themiddle
pairof numbers, and then find the value
that would be half way between them.

This
is easily done by adding them together
and dividing by two.
71, 72, 73, 74, 74, 75
Middle number : 73 and 74
73+74 = 147
147/2 = 73.5 (median)
Mode
The mode is the most frequently
occurring score
Which of the following scores is the
mode?
3, 7, 3, 9, 9, 3, 5, 1, 8, 5
Similarly, for another data set :
2, 4, 9, 6, 4, 6, 6, 2, 8, 2), there are two modes;
What are they?
What is the mode for :
7, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4 and 4

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Range
The range is equal to the high
score minus the low score in a
distribution
It is considered an unstable
measure of variability, and can
change drastically if extreme
scores are introduced to the
distribution

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Range
As a result of gas analysis in a
respirometer, an investigator
obtains the following four
readings of oxygen percentages:
14.9, 10.8, 12.3, and 23.3
What is the range?

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Inferential Statistics

usually used SPSS

Suitable Test
Descriptive Descriptive Statistics
Research Design (mean, standard
deviation,
Correlational
percentages)
Correlation Coefficient
Research Design

Experimental & t-test,

sign-test,
Quasi- Mann-Whitney U-test,
Experimental ANOVA, ANCOVA
Correlation Coefficient
Used to examine relations between two or
more variables.

Strength of the Correlation

-1.0 1.0 (closer the number is to -1 or +1 the stronger the
relationship)

Types of Correlation
Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
No Correlation

Pearson Product Moment Correlation

Coefficient = r
Bivariate Analysis
Describe a case in terms of two
variables simultaneously.
Example:
Gender
Attitudes toward equality for men and
women
How does a respondents gender affect
his or her attitude toward equality for
men and women?
Crosstabulations / Correlations
Appropriate Types of
Analysis
Plan Your Analysis
Time Management

Proper planning will make things

easier later

Take good notes on any

transformations, etc. that you do

Save all the elements of your analysis

programs
Thank you