Reproduction and Embryonic Development

REPRODUCTION AND
EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT
REPRODUCTION AND
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION
THE CREATION OF NEW INDIVIDUALS FROM
EXISTING ONES
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
THE CREATION OF OFFSPRING BY THE
FUSION OF TWO HAPLOID SEX CELLS
GAMETES
SPERM VS OVUM (EGG)
ZYGOTE
Embriology:
It is the study of the formation and
development of the embryo (or fetus)
from the moment of its inception up
to the time when it is born as an
infant.
REPRODUCTION AND
REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY OF THE H
UMAN FEMALE
REPRODUCTION AND
UMAN FEMALE
REPRODUCTION AND
REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN FE
MALE
OVARIES
EACH ABOUT AN INCH LONG, WITH A BUMP SURFACE
SITE OF EGG PRODUCTION
FOLLICLES
CONSIST OF SINGLE DEVELOPING EGG CELL
SURROUNDED BY ONE OR MORE LAYERS OF FOLLICE
CELLS THAT NOURISH AND PROTECT THE DEVELOPING
EGG CELL
FOLLICE CELLS PRODUCE ESTROGEN
A WOMAN IS BORN WITH 40,000 400,000 FOLLICES;
ONLY SEVERAL HUNDRED GET RELEASED
OVULATION
PROCESS THAT EJECTS THE EGG CELL FROM THE
FOLLICE; OCCURS ABOUT EVERY 28 DAYS
REPRODUCTION AND
UMAN FEMALE
CORPUS LUTEUM
FORMS AFTER OVULATION, REMAING
FOLLICULAR TISSUE GROWS WITHIN OVARY
TO FORM A SOLID MASS
SECRETES PROGESTERONE; HORMONE THAT
HELPS MAINTAIN UTERINE LINING
IF EGG IS NOT FERTILIZED, CORPUS LUTEUM
DEGENERATES
REPRODUCTION AND
UMAN FEMALE
OVIDUCT ( FALLOPIAN TUBE)
LEADS THE EGG TO THE UTERUS
THIS IS WHERE FERTILIZATION
ACTUALLY OCCURS
UTERUS ( WOMB)
ACTUAL SITE OF PREGNANCY; ONLY ABOUT
3 INCHES IN A WOMAN WHO HAS NEVER
BEEN PREGNANT BUT CAN EXPAND
REPRODUCTION AND
UMAN FEMALE
UTERUS
ENDOMETRIUM
INNER LINING OF THE UTERUS; EMBRYO GETS
IMPLANTED HERE
EMBRYO
TERM USED TO DESCRIBE ZYGOTE (FERTLIZED
EGG) UNTIL BODY STRUCTURES BEGIN TO APPEAR
(ABOUT 8 WEEKS)
FETUS
TERM GIVEN TO DEVELOPING OFFSPRING FROM
9TH WEEK UNTIL BIRTH
REPRODUCTION AND
REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY OF THE HUM
AN FEMALE
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
EMBRYO IMPLANTS IN THE WRONG PLACE;
SOMEWHERE OTHER THAN THE UTERUS; CAN BE
FATAL IF NOT TREATED
CERVIX
NECK OF THE UTERUS; OPENS TO THE VAGINA
VAGINA
THIN WALLED, BUT STRONG, MUSCULAR
CHAMBER THAT SERVES AS THE BIRTH CANAL
THROUGH WHICH THE BABY IS EXPELLED
REPRODUCTION AND
REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN F
EMALE
VAGINA
ALSO ACCOMDATES MALES PENIS AND IS
REPOSITORY FOR SPERM DURING COPULATION
LABIA MINORA AND LABIA MAJORA
PROTECT THE GENITAL REGION
HYMEN
THIN MEMBRANE
COVERING THE VAGINAL
OPENING; FUNCTION NOT
KNOWN
BARTHOLINS GLAND
NEAR VAGINAL OPENING;
SECRETES LUBRICATING FLUID
DURING SEXUAL AROUSAL,
AS DOES THE VAGINAL LINING
REPRODUCTION AND
REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY OF THE
HUMAN FEMALE
SEVERAL FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
VAGINA
LABIA MINORA
CLITORIS SOLE FUNCTION IS SEXUAL
AROUSAL
GLANS
ENORMOUS
NUMBER OF
NERVE ENDINGS
PREPUCE
REPRODUCTION AND
REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN
MALE
TESTES
SCROTUM
EPIDIDYMIS
VAS DEFERENS
EJACULATORY DUCT
SEMINAL VESICLE
PROSTATE GLAND
BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
SEMEN
PENIS
REPRODUCTION AND
HUMAN MALE
REPRODUCTION AND
MALE
TESTES
MALE GONADS; HOUSED INSIDE THE ABDOMINAL
CAVITY
SCROTUM
SAC THAT HOUSES THE TESTES; MAINTAINS CURRENT
BODY TEMPERATURE FOR SPERM PRODUCTION
EPIDIDYMIS
COILED TUBE THAT STORES SPERM WHILE THEY
DEVELOP
REPRODUCTION AND
HUMAN MALE
VAS DEFERENS
DUCT THAT GOES FROM EPIDIDYMIS TO
EJACULATORY DUCT
EJACTULATORY DUCT
FUSION OF 2 VAS DEFERENS AND DUCT FROM
SEMINAL VESICLE
EJACULATION
EXPULSION OF SPERM-CONTAINING FLUID OUT OF
PENIS, THIS IS WHEN SPERM LEAVE THE EPIDIDYMIS
REPRODUCTION AND
MALE
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM HAS 3 SETS OF
GLANDS
SEMINAL VESICLE
SECRETE A THICK, CLEAR FLUID THAT PROTECTS AND
NOURISHES THE SPERM
PROSTATE GLAND
MILKY/ALKALINE FLUID; PROTECTION AGAIN TRACES OF
URINE IN URETHRA AND ACIDITY OF VAGINA
BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
HELPS LUBRICATE THE URETHRA
REPRODUCTION AND
MALE
SEMEN
SPERM AND GLANDULAR SECRETIONS MAKE THIS
FLUID THAT IS DISCHARGED DURING ORGASM
95% GLANDULAR FLUID; 5% SPERM (200 500
MILLION)
PENIS
CONSISTS MAINLY OF TISSUE THAT CAN FILL WITH
BLOOD TO CAUSE AN ERECTION DURING SEXUAL
AROUSAL; MAKING INSERTION INTO VAGINA
POSSIBLE, ALONG WITH TRANSFER OF SPERM
REPRODUCTION AND
HUMAN MALE
PENIS
GLANS
HEAD; MANY NERVE ENDINGS, VERY SENSITIVE
PREPUCE
COVERS HEAD; REMOVED DURING
CIRCUMCISION
REPRODUCTION AND
HUMAN MALE
EJACULATION OCCURS IN 2 STAGES
SPERM AND SEMINAL FLUID ARE FORCED
TOWARDS URETHRA REGION; BLADDER
SPINCHTER SHUTS TO PREVENT URINE FROM
ENTERING
EXPULSION STAGE OCCURS WHEN URETHRA
REGION CONTRACTS AND FORCES SEMEN
ALONG PENIS; THAN MUSCLES IN PENIS
CONTRACT AND EXPEL SEMEN OUT OF BODY
REPRODUCTION AND
THE FORMATION OF SPERM AND OVA
REQUIRES MEIOSIS
SPERMATOGENESIS
THE FORMATION OF SPERM CELLS
TAKES ABOUT 65-75 DAYS
IN THE HUMAN MALE
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
COILED TUBES IN
THE TESTES WHERE
SPERM DEVELOP
PRIMARY VS.
SECONDARY
SPERMATOCYTES
REPRODUCTION AND
THE FORMATION OF SPERM AND
OVA REQUIRES MEIOSIS
OOGENESIS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN OVUM
PRIMARY OOCYTE
DORMANT DIPLOID CELL IN THE
FOLLICLE
FSH STIMULATES MEIOSIS
SECONDARY OOCYTE
THE HAPLOID CELL; UNEQUAL DIVISION OF CYTOPLASM
1 OVUM (MOST OF CYTOPLASM); 1 POLAR BODY (ALMOST
NO CYTOPLASM)
HORMONES SYNCHRONIZE CYCLICAL
CHANGES IN THE OVARY AND
UTERUS
OVARIAN CYCLE
EVENTS THAT OCCUR ABOUT EVERY 28 DAYS
IN THE HUMAN OVARY
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
RELATED EVENTS IN THE UTERUS;
CONTROLLED BY HORMONES
AN OVERVIEW OF THE
OVARIAN AND MENSTRUAL
CYCLES
OVARIAN CYCLE HAS TWO
PHASES
PRE-OVULATORY PHASE
FOLLICLE GROWING
POST-OVULATORY PHASE
FORM CORPUS LUTEUM
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENSTRUATION
UTERINE BLEEDING (3 5
DAYS)
AFTER MENSTRUATION, THE
ENDOMETRIUM REGROWS
Phases of menustrual cycle

-post menstrual
-proliferative
-secreatory or premenstrual
-menstrual
HORMONAL EVENTS BEFORE
OVULATION
FSH AND LH ARE RELEASED;
ESTROGEN LEVEL SLOWLY
BUILDS UP UNTIL IT HITS ITS
PEAK (OVULATION)
HORMONAL EVENTS AT
OVULATION AND AFTER
LH PEAKS, CAUSING
OVULATION
CAUSE HIGH LEVELS OF
ESTROGEN AND
PROGESTERONE WHICH
INHIBIT FSH AND LH
PRODUCTION
HORMONES SYNCHRONIZE
CYCLICAL CHANGES IN THE
OVARY AND UTERUS
CONTROL OF THE
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
CONTROLLED ONLY BY
ESTROGEN AND
PROGESTERONE
REPRODUCTION AND
THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE OCCURS IN
FOUR PHASES
EXCITEMENT PHASE
PLATEAU PHASE
INCREASED BREATHING AND HEART RATE
ORGASM
RHYTHMIC CONTRACTIOSN OF REPRODUCTIVE
STRUCTURES
RESOLUTION PHASE
REVERSES THE PREVIOUS RESPONSES; RETURN TO
NORMAL
REPRODUCTION AND
SEXUAL ACTIVITY CAN TRANSMIT
DISEASE
SEXUALLY TRANSMISSABLE DISEASES
(STDs)
CONTAGIOUS DISEASE SPREAD BY SEXUAL
CONTACT
REPRODUCTION AND
CONTRACEPTION PREVENTS
UNWANTED PREGNANCY
REPRODUCTION AND
CONTRACEPTION PREVENTS UNWANTED
PREGNANCY
CONTRACEPTION
THE DELIBERATE PREVENTION OF PREGNANCY
3 WAYS
PREVENTING RELEASE OF GAMETS FROM GONADS
PREVENTING FERTILIZATION
PREVENTING THE EMBRYO FROM IMPLANTING IN THE
UTERUS
STERILIZATION
VASECTOMY VAS DEFERENS ARE CUT
TUBAL LIGATION OVIDUCT IS CUT
REPRODUCTION AND
CONTRACEPTION PREVENTS
UNWANTED PREGNANCY
CONTRACEPTION
THE DELIBERATE PREVENTION OF
PREGNANCY
RHYTHYM METHOD
WITHDRAWAL
SPERMICIDES
INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUDs)
MORNING AFTER PILLS (MAPs)
REPRODUCTION AND
FERTILIZATION RESULTS IN A ZYGOTE
AND TRIGGERS EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT
FERTILIZATION
THE UNION OF SPERM AND EGG TO FORM A
DIPLOID ZYGOTE
PROPERTIES OF SPERM CELLS
ACROSOME
NECK
FLAGELLUM
REPRODUCTION AND
THE PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION
THE SPERM APPROACHES THE EGG
THE SPERMS ACROSOMAL ENZYMES DIGEST THE
EGGS JELLY COAT
PROTEINS ON THE SPERM HEAD BIND TO EGG
RECEPTORS
THE PLASMA MEMBRANES OF SPERM AND EGG
FUSE
THE SPERM NUCLEUS ENTERS THE EGG
CYTOPLASM
A FERTILIZATION ENVELOPE FORMS
REPRODUCTION AND
THE PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION
REPRODUCTION AND
CLEAVAGE PRODUCES A BALL OF
CELLS FROM THE ZYGOTE
CLEAVAGE
RAPID SUCCESSION OF CELL DIVISIONS THAT
PRODUCES A BALL OF CELLS A
MULTICELLULAR EMBRYO FROM THE
ZYGOTE
The process of subdivision of the
ovum into smaller cells is called
cleavage.
As cleavage proceeds the ovum
comes to have 16 cells. It now looks
like a mulberry and is called the
morulla.
It is still surrounded by the layer zona
pellucida.
REPRODUCTION AND
CLEAVAGE PRODUCES A BALL OF
CELLS FROM THE ZYGOTE
BLASTOCOEL
FLUID-FILLED CAVITY IN THE
CENTER OF THE EMBRYO
BLASTULA
HOLLOW BALL OF CELLS THAT
RESULTS WHEN CLEAVAGE IS
FINISHED
REPRODUCTION AND
GASTRULATION PRODUCES A THREE-
LAYERED EMBRYO
GASTRULATION
SECOND MAJOR
PHASE OF EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT; ADDS MORE
CELLS TO THE EMBRYO; SORTS
THE CELLS INTO DISTINCT CELL
LAYERS
REPRODUCTION AND
GASTRULATION PRODUCES A THREE-
LAYERED EMBRYO
GASTRULA
THREE-LAYERED STAGE OF THE EMBRYO
THREE LAYERS ARE LABELED
ECTODERM (endo-inside)
ENDODERM (ecto-outside)
MESODERM (meso-in the middle)
Some cells of the inner cell mass differentiate into flattened
cells that come into line its free surface. These constitute the
ectoderm, which is thus the first germ layer to be formed.
The remaining cells of the inner cell mass become columnar.

These cells form the second germ layer, the ectoderm.
The space appears between the ectoderm and the

trophoblast. This is the amniotic cavity, filled by amniotic fluid
or liquor amnii.
Flattened cells arising from the endoderm spread and line

inside of the blastocystic cavity called the primary yolk sac.
The cells of the trophoblst give origin to a mass of cells called

the mesoderm.
REPRODUCTION AND
GASTRULA LAYERS DEVELOP INTO
REPRODUCTION AND
THE EMBRYO AND PLACENTA TAKE SHAPE
DURING THE FIRST MONTH OF PREGNANCY
GESTATION
PREGNANCY; THE CARRYING OF DEVELOPING YOUNG
WITHIN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
AN OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT EVENTS
BLASTOCYST MAMMALIAN EQUIVALENT OF A
BLASTULA
TROPHOBLAST OUTER LAYER THAT ALLOWS
UTERINE IMPLANTATION
PLACENTA COMBINATION OF TROPHOBLAST AND
MATERNAL CELLS
REPRODUCTION AND
AN OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT EVENTS
EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
AMNION PROTECTIVE FLUID
YOLK SAC
CHORION BECOME EMBRYOS PART Of
PLACENTA
RELEASES HUMAN CHORIONIC
GONADOTROPIN (HCG)
CAUSES CORPUS LUTERUM TO STAY; PREVENTS
MENSTRUATION
ALLANTOIS FUNCTIONS IN WASTE
DISPOSAL; WILL BECOME THE
UMBILICAL CORD
REPRODUCTION AND
EXTRA EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
Formation of the notochord: it is a midline
structure,that develops in the region lying
between the cranial end of the prochordal plate.
-primitive knot:cranial end of the primitive streak
becomes thickend.
-blastopore: a depression appears in the centre of
the primitive knot.
-notochordal process: cells in the primitive knot
multiply and pass cranially in the middle line,
between the ectoderm and endoderm,reaching
upto the caudal margin of the prochordal plate.
These cells form a solid cord called the
notochordal processor end process.
The cells of this process undergo several
stages of rearrangement ending in the formation
of a solid rod called the notochord.
Formation of the neural tube:
- the neural tube gives rise to the brain and the
spinal cord.
- The neural tube is formed from the ectoderm
overlying the notochord.
- The neural tube is soon divisible in to
- a cranial enlarged part that forms the brain
and a caudal tubular part that forms the spinal
cord.
-the process of formation of the neural tube
is referred to as neurulation.
REPRODUCTION AND
THE PLACENTA
CHORIONIC VILLI CONTAIN EMBRYONIC
BLOOD VESSELS
NEAR MATERNAL BLOOD; NO DIRECT
MIXTURE OF BLOOD
NUTRIENTS, GASES, WASTE PRODUCES ARE
PASSED THROUGH THE PLACENTA
DRUGS, ALCOHOL, VIRUSES CAN PASS
THROUGH
ANTIBODIES CAN PASS THROUGH
REPRODUCTION AND
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT FROM
CONCEPTION TO BIRTH IS DIVIDED
INTO THREE TRIMESTERS
TRIMESTERS ABOUT 3 MONTH
SEGMENTS
The skeleton: the vertebral column is derived from the sclerotomes of
somites. Each sclerotome divides into three parts: cranial,middle and
cuadal.
-a vertebra is formed by fusion of the caudal part of the caudal part of
one sclerotome.
-the middle part of the sclerotome forms an intervertebral disc which is
therefore segmental in position.
-the sternum is formed by fusion of right and left sternal bars.
-the skull develops from mesenchyme around the developing brain.some
skull bones are formed in memrane.
-the mandible is formed in membrane form the mesnchyme of the
mandibular process.
-limbs are first seen as out growths (limb buds) from the side wall of the
embryo.each bud grows and gets subdivided to form the parts of limb.
-limb bones develop from mesenchyme of the limb buds.joints are
formed in intevals between bone ends..
Development of face:
lower lip:
Upper lip:
nose
Cheeks
Eye
External ear
REPRODUCTION AND
CHILDBIRTH IS HORMONALLY
INDUCED AND OCCURS IN THREE
STAGES
LABOR
SERIES OF STRONG, RHYTHMIC
CONTRACTIONS OF THE UTERUS
3 STAGES
DILATION OF CERVIX
EXPULSION; DELIVERY OF INFANT
DELIVERY OF PLACENTA
REPRODUCTION AND
CHILDBIRTH IS HORMONALLY INDUCED
AND OCCURS IN THREE STAGES
CONTROLLED BY
OXYTOCIN AND
PROSTAGLANDINS
AFTER BIRTH,
PROLACTIN
INCREASES MILK
PRODUCTION OF
MAMMARY GLANDS
REPRODUCTION AND
REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
INCREASES OUR REPRODUCTIVE
SUCCESS
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
(ART)
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)
THE MOST COMMON ART
EGGS ARE REMOVED AND MIXED WITH SPERM IN
CULTURE DISHES, THEN CAREFULLY REPLACED
INTO MOTHERS UTERUS
REPRODUCTION AND

Reproduction and Embryonic Development

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Reproduction and Embryonic Development

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REPRODUCTION AND

Phases of menustrual cycle

The remaining cells of the inner cell mass become columnar.

The space appears between the ectoderm and the

Flattened cells arising from the endoderm spread and line

The cells of the trophoblst give origin to a mass of cells called

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