CLIMATE RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE

SUBJECT : CLIMATOLOGY

NIKHILA.CHERUGHATTU
SEM III
SEC B
INTRODUCTION-CLIMATE

CLIMATE:
The word climate has been derived from the Greek word
kilma which means inclination.
Climate is defined as the weather that is averaged over
a long period of time.

CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATE:
There are several ways to classify climate into similar regimes.
1.Bergeron and spatial synoptic : involves air masses.
2.Koppen : depends on average monthly values of
temperature and precipitation
3.Thornthwaite : monitors soil water budget using
evapotranspiration.
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 KOPPEN CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATE

The Kppen classification depends on

average monthly values of temperature
and precipitation.
The Kppen climate classification
scheme divides climates into five main
groups (A, B, C, D, E), each having
several types and subtypes.
A Tropical/megathermal climates
B- Dry (arid and semiarid) climates
C- Temperate/mesothermal climates
D- Continental/microthermal
climates
E -Polar and alpine climates

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CLIMATE IN INDIA

In India most of the region comes under two types of climate that is composite and hot and dry.

Most characteristics of the

composite zone are similar to that
of the hot and dry climate zone,
HOT AND DRY
except that composite regions
COMPOSITE experience higher humidity levels
during monsoons. In this type of
climate two seasons occur normally.
Approximately two-thirds of the
year is hot-dry and the other third is
HOT AND HUMID
warm-humid. Localities further
north and south often have a third
NIKHILA C, SEM III, SEC B | CLIMATOLOGY season, best described as cool-dry. 4
SPECTRAL SERVICES
BUILDING
COMPOSITE CLIMATE

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ABOUT THE BUILDING

Location: Noida.
Climate:Composite.
Temperature Range: 7o C 43o C
(45o F 110o F)
Building Gross Area: 1,500 m2
(16,000 ft2 ).
Occupancy: 150-200 persons.
Number of Floors: 5.
Function of the building:Office space

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NOIDA

Noida (New Okhla Industrial Development Authority) is located

in theGautam Buddh Nagardistrict ofUttar Pradesh, India.
Noida is about 25 kilometres southeast of New Delhi.

GEOGRAPHY:
Noida falls under the catchment area of
theYamuna River, and is located on the old river
bed. The soil is rich and loamy.
It is bound on the west and southwest by
theYamunaRiver and on theeast and south-
east by theHindon River.
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CLIMATE- NOIDA
In summer, that is, from March to June, the
weather remains hot and the temperature
ranges from a maximum of 48C to a
minimum of 28C.
Monsoon season prevails during mid-June to
mid-September.
The cold waves from the Himalayan region
makes the winters in Noida chilly and harsh.
Temperatures fall to as low as 3 to 4C at the
peak of winters. Noida also has fog and
smogproblems.
In January, a dense fog envelops the city,
reducing visibility on the streets.
NIKHILA C, SEM III, SEC B | CLIMATOLOGY
The climate of Noida remains semiarid
throughout the year.
Very hot and extremely dry summers and
cold and hazy winters.
The three main seasons: summer season,
winter season and monsoon season.
Monsoons are for very short period but the
amount of rainfall in the city is more than
average during monsoons.
Summer season starts in the month of March
and continues till the month of May. The
hottest month in the year is May. The
temperature during May remains between
32C up to 45C. Dry heatwaves are very
common during summers.
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CLIMATE- NOIDA
The arrival of monsoons is in the month of July and the city receives showers till the month of September.
There is a slight decrease in temperature during monsoons. The weather becomes uncomfortable
because the climate is very humid during Monsoons. In the month of August maximum amount of rainfall
is received.
The temperature during the winter season ranges from 3C to 12C. the winters are very cold and lasts
from the month of December to February.

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ABOUT THE BUILDING

The Spectral building is a five-story office building

built in 2007 that originally housed the Spectral
Services headquarters before the company was
acquired by AECOM. Spectral Services focused on
energy efficiency from the start of its building design
with energy efficiency at its core. The building is
certified as Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) Platinum.
The high performance efficiency measures include an
energy management system, energy-saving lighting,
natural lighting and a high-efficiency heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system.

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BUILDING ENVELOPE

Efficient walls allow 75 percent less heat to transfer into the building than a conventional building.
The wall consists of 20 mm of stone cladding, a 225 mm thick autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)
block, 25 mm of nitrile rubber, and 12 mm gypsum board.
White roof that allows 40 percent less heat into the building than a conventional building. The roof
was made from a 100 mm roller-compacted concrete (RCC) slab, 75 mm thick pieces of extruded
polystyrene insulation, and high albedo paint with a reflectivity better than 0.45.

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LIGHTING

Lightwell in the center of the building and

placement windows to maximize the potential for
daylighting and views. Since the window wall ratio
was designed for 22.5 percent, nearly 75 percent
of the office space is lit by natural light and allows
for the lights to be turned off, saving energy during
much of the day. Natural light and views have been
shown to increase worker productivity and
longevity too
Optimized daylighting in the basement through
atriums and ground reflection, which reduces the
lighting energy use in the basement.

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 LIGHTING

To accomplish the
daylighting strategy,
A south-inclined skylight
the building faces
encompasses the entire atrium
north-south, the
and harnesses daylight.
optimal orientation for
a building on the
Indian subcontinent.

Permanently inclined louvers

block direct sunlight and reduce
air-conditioning loads.

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EFFICIENT WINDOWS

Recessing windows to reduce heat from direct

sunlight through the windows and to block solar
radiation, installing fins on the west faade blocks
and adding an exterior shading system to keep heat
from entering the building.
Efficient window glass to optimize daylight and
cooling has a solar heat gain coefficient of 0.33 and
visual light transmittance of 0.48, allowing less heat
but more light to come into the building.

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Efficient 72-ton screw chiller with a The fresh air

coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.48 that quantity is 30%
continuously compresses the refrigerant that higher than
cools water for the air conditioning system. recommended by
Cooling towers with a variable frequency drive Standard 62.1-
on the roof which help to improve indoor air 2004.
quality.

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AIR DISTRIBUTIONING SYSTEMS

Air handling unit (AHU) for each floor with a variable frequency drive to reduce the energy used
under reduced load, equipped with a humidification/ dehumidification package for occupant comfort.
Variable air volume (VAV) boxes that adjust to reduce cooling load variations and hence use less
energy at lower loads.
High efficiency motors and fans to distribute air and air-side economizers.
Ventilation system that uses 30 percent more fresh air than American Society of Heating and
Refrigeration Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 62.1-2004. The exhaust and fresh air intake are separated
by a minimum of 25 feet.
Two stage Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value -13 (MERV-13) filters to remove air contaminants
before entering occupied areas and carbon dioxide sensors to signal the distribution system to add
more fresh air when rooms are highly occupied.

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
Maximum efficiency and minimum power
losses in the electrical distribution system by
stabilizing voltage, requiring 110 kW peak
power, maintaining a power factor of 0.98 and
above.
NIKHILA C, SEM III, SEC B | CLIMATOLOGY
ELECTRICAL LIGHTING:
High efficiency T5 lighting with dimmable
ballasts. The internal lighting power density is
0.63 W/ft2, which is 37 percent lower than the
IESNA standard.
Daylighting controls to maintain a constant
illumination level by including a dimming
function that allows the lights to be turned
down when natural light enters the space.
Occupancy sensors in areas that are not
consistently used.
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REUSING MATERIALS

During construction, 96.6% of the building waste was collected and diverted to authorized disposal
agencies. To reuse resources, furniture from Spectrals old offices was remodeled and used in the
building. A small amount of Forest Steward Council certified wood was used for the executive floor
furniture. Lastly, 2.5% of the building material, like bamboo flooring, is from rapidly renewable
resources, and 7.7% is reused or salvaged material.

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MICROSOFT INDIA DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE

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ABOUT THE BUILDING

Client:Microsoft India Development Centre

City:Hyderabad
Climate:Hot & Dry
Operational schedule 10 hours, 5 working days in a week.
Area of the building:55,741m (out of which 45,057 m - conditioned area, 10,683 m -
non-conditioned area.

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 HYDERABAD

GEOGRAPHY:
Situated in the southern part of Telangana in
southeastern India, Hyderabad is 1,566 kilometres
south ofDelhi, 699 kilometres southeast
ofMumbai, and 570 kilometres north
ofBangaloreby road.
It lies on the banks of theMusi River, in the
northern part of theDeccan Plateau.

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 CLIMATE- HYDERABAD
Hyderabad has atropical wet and dry climate
bordering on a hotsemi-arid climate.
The annual mean temperature is 26.6C
(79.9F)
Monthly mean temperatures are 2133C
(7091F).
Summers (MarchJune) are hot and humid,
with average highs in the mid-to-high 30
C,maximum temperatures often exceed
40C (104F) between April and June.
The coolest temperatures occur in December
and January, when the lowest temperature
occasionally dips to 10C (50F).
NIKHILA C, SEM III, SEC B | CLIMATOLOGY
May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures
range from 26 to 39C (79102F) and December,
the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5 to
28C (5782F).
Heavy rain from thesouth-west summer
monsoonfalls between June and September,
supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual
rainfall.
The city receives 2,731hours of sunshine per year;
maximum dailysunlight exposureoccurs in
February.
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GREEN BUILDING DESIGN FEATURES:

Building Design:

Double glazing window with 25mm thick glass

1200mm wide sun shading and internal roller screens
The external window sun shading cuts off the direct sunlight which
Building orientation NE-SW
causes glare, keeping out the suns heat, block uncomfortable direct
which helps to reduce the
sun and soften harsh daylight contrasts
solarheat gains in this hot
The double glazed window glass, while allowing light inside, does
climate region.
not allow heat and also keeps office cool from inside during the day

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BUILDING DESIGN FEATURES
WALLS
All blocks - 400mm block with
25mm thick water repellant
coating, 50mm thick air gap &
40mm thick stone cladding
NIKHILA C, SEM III, SEC B | CLIMATOLOGY
ROOF
U-value: 0.232W/sqm degK
The insulation under the RCC prevents the
heat of the sun reaching the inside of the
building and maintains the comfort level of
the room by decreasing the AC load
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BUILDING LIGHTING
DAY LIGHTING:

Glazed Atrium for the natural daylight (U-Value:

5.7 W/sq m deg K and SC of 0.53).

Abundance of daylight is available in the atrium

which is completely day lighted zone and no
artificial lights are required during the daytime in
the atrium.

Natural light is available in the circulation areas

at the periphery of the building.

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 BUILDING LIGHTING

LIGHTING SYSTEM:
Lighting system accounts for 5.71% of total load.
Luminaires used: direct/ indirect lighting luminaires with
electronic ballasts and lamps in workstation areas, CFL with
dimmable electronic ballast and lamps in conference areas,
CFL recess mounted down light luminaires with glass at
bottom in cafeteria.
The lighting scheme in the open office area is divided into
general lighting and task lighting.
LPD 8.15 W/m2.
The LPD (8.15W/m2) is less than the max allowed LPD of
ECBC (10.8W/m2) which is very good.
According to Energy Star, CFLs provide the same amount of
light as ordinary bulb using 75% less energy.
To save energy, the general lighting levels in the office area is
reduced and to meet the desired higher illuminance levels at
task pane, task lights have been installed in all the
workstations.
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BUILDING LIGHTING

DAYLIGHT CONTROLS:
Occupancy sensors in the conference
room and closed cabins.
Dimmable ballast integrated luminaires in
the conference room.
Reduce energy by turning the lights on
when someone enters and switches off
when the room is empty.
The dimmable ballast integrated
luminaires in the conference room give
the flexibility of varying the illuminance
levels as required.

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HVAC SYSTEM DESIGN

Central AC plant with 2372TR (four numbers of

460TR carrier water cooled centrifugal and two
numbers of 265.8TR carrier air cooled screw
chillers).

COP of the water cooled chillers is 6.6 at ARI

condition and that of the air cooled ones is 3.23,
which is better than ECBC recommended values
of 6.3 and 3.05 respectively.
Rated Sqmt/TR 19
Air cooling towers and closed circuit fluid coolers
have either two speed motors, pony motors, or
variable speed drives controlling the fans.

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 ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING

Annual Consumption (lighting) 1095925 KWh Annual Consumption (A/C) 5658371 KWh
Lighting Performance Index 20 KWh/Sqmt/annum HVAC Performance Index 126
KWh/Sqmt/annum

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 BUILDING FEATURES
PARAMETERS BUILDING FEATURES
Building orientation
Building orientation : Longer facades of the building facing East-West. Windows are
shaded while roof is not shaded.

Building Envelope
Insulation on roof with air gap for walls
U value for Wall -1.85 W/m2/K
U Value for Roof- 0.2322 W/m2/K
Window glazing : U value of glass -1.66 W/m2/K and Shading coefficient-0.28
WWR : 70%

Building Lighting Power density Lighting power density is 8.15 W/m2

Controls Occupancy sensors
Building Chiller Water cooled Centrifugal chiller
460*4
kW/TR = 0.558
(COP = 6.6 at ARI conditions)

Energy performance Index 150

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://high-performancebuildings.org
http://www.hyderabad.climatemps.com/
https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/energy-saving-construction-legacy-spectral-CS.pdf
http://www.abrdarchitects.com/img/press/6.pdf

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 THANK YOU

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