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„ To P
 is either to formulate a plan for the
satisfaction of a specified need or to solve a
problem.
„ 
 is an innovative and highly iterative
process
„  
is the creation of new and
better machines and improving the existing ones
„ Úechanical engineers are associated with the
production and processing of energy and with
providing the means of production, the tools of
transportation, and the techniques of automation
„  
involves all the disciplines of
mechanical engineering
mm
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 mn most cases, the designer·s
work is concerned with adaptation of existing
designs.
Ô  
 This type of design
needs considerable scientific training and
design ability in order to modify the existing
designs into a new idea by adopting a new
material or different method of manufacture
  
 This type of design needs lot of
research, technical ability and creative thinking
6
   
  



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„ Ê
PP is a set of specifications for parts,

materials, or processes intended to achieve
uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality
„ Ê P is a set of specifications for the analysis,
design, manufacture, and construction of
something.
„ The purpose of a code is to achieve a specified
degree of safety, efficiency, and performance or
quality


   



„   is an inherent property of a part, a
property built into the part because of the use of
a particular material and process
„ 

is a state property at a specific point
within a body, which is a function of load,
geometry, and temperature
„ The survival of many products depends on how
the designer adjusts the maximum stresses in a
component to be less than the component·s
strength at specific locations of interest
 

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 m 
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„ |ngineers must accommodate M  and
M  always accompanies change
„ Úaterial properties, load variability, manufacturing
reliability, and validity of mathematical models are
among concerns to designers
„ There are mathematical methods to address
M 
.
„ The primary techniques are the P

 and



 methods
„ The deterministic method establishes a P 


based on the absolute uncertainties of a loss-
of-function parameter and a maximum allowable
parameter



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„ The P
d is defined as:

„ mf the parameter is load, then the maximum

allowable load can be found from
 Ú|
mÊ 
|Ú | m
 ÊT

„ onsider that the 66M6 Pon a structure
is known with an uncertainty of ±20%, and the
PM
 M is known within ±15%. mf
the load causing failure is nominally 2000 lbf,
determine the P
and the 66M6
   P that will offset the absolute
uncertainties
„ To account for its uncertainty, the 




M P must increase to 1/1 ² 15% [=

1.176]
„ The 66M6   Pmust decrease
to 1/1 + 20% [= 0.8333]
 Ú|
mÊ 
|Ú
„ Thus to offset the absolute uncertainties the
P
should be

d = 1.176/0.8333 = 1.4
„ The 66M6  load is

= 2000/1.4 = 1400lbf.

  

 
„ ince stress may not vary linearly with load,
using load as the loss-of-function parameter may
not be acceptable.
„ mt is more common then to express the design
factor in terms of a stress and a relevant strength
„ Thus the equation

can be rewritten as:

 
m 
 
„ Ê rod with a cross-sectional area of Ê and loaded
in tension with an axial force of  2000 lbf
undergoes a stress of ǔ = /Ê. sing a material
strength of 24 kpsi and a design factor of 3.0,
determine the minimum diameter of a solid
circular rod. sing Table Ê, select a preferred
fractional diameter and determine the rod·s
factor of safety
Ã

 
à 
= 24000/3 = 8000psi
Êlso 
 

 

8000 = 2546.48/

 
Ã
TÊ| Ê
 
m 
 
„ rom Table Ê, the next higher preferred size is
5/8 in = 0.625 in. => d=0.625inch
„ Êgain, 
 
Ã

Ã
 

 

= 24000 



 

mmm

„ The reliability method of design is one in which
we obtain the distribution of



and the
distribution of
 
and then relate these
two in order to achieve an acceptable success rate
„ The statistical measure of the probability that a
mechanical element will not fail in use is called
the ! of that element
„ The reliability Mcan be expressed by a number
having the range 0 ” M
„ The failure of 6 parts out of every 1000
manufactured might be considered an acceptable
failure rate for a certain class of products

mmm
 [Õ]
„ mn the  


P P the designer·s
task is to make a judicious selection of materials,
processes, and geometry size so as to achieve a
specific reliability goal.
„ Ênalyses that lead to an assessment of
   address M 
, or their
estimates, in 6  
that describe the
situation.
„ tochastic variables such as stress, strength,
load, or size are described in terms of their
means, standard deviations, and distributions

mmm
 [Õ]
„ There are ways of estimating the statistical
parameters describing weight and inertia from
those describing size and density
„ These methods are variously called ’’



  ’’


  



’’


 P’ 
„ mt is important to note that good statistical data
and estimates are essential to perform an
acceptable reliability analysis
m 


„ Êll the even
oll umbers solve  6
,
while all the odd roll numbers solve  6
 , from higley·s ook
„ or all the students -> escribe in detail with
examples the difference between 1 ´ tiffnessµ
and ´
igidityµ; 2 ´
esilienceµ and ´|lasticityµ;
3 ´atigueµ and ´reepµ.
„ ubmission time = 2 weeks