DRAINAG

Lagarto, Lamata, Magbanua, Tanguilig,

E
Zaulda
 INTRODUCTI
Drainage is used to ON
control ponding at the
soil surface, to control
waterlogging in the
soil, and to avoid
salinization.
 INTRODUCTI
Drainage is the ON
removal of excess
water and dissolved
salts from the surface
and subsurface of the
land in order to
enhance crop growth.
 INTRODUCTI
Drainage is the ON
removal of excess
water and dissolved
salts from the surface
and subsurface of the
land in order to
enhance crop growth.
 INTRODUCTI
Two types of drainage can be ON
identified:
1. Land Drainage:
This is large scale drainage
where the objective is to drain
surplus water from a large area
by such means as excavating
large open drains, erecting
dykes and levees and pumping.
Such schemes are necessary in
 INTRODUCTI
Two types of drainage can be ON
identified:
2. Field Drainage:
This is the drainage that
concerns us in agriculture. It is
the removal of excess water
from the root zone of crops.
 Need for drainage

During rain or irrigation, the

fields become wet. The
water infiltrates into the soil
and is stored in its pores.
When all the pores are filled
with water, the soil is said to
be saturated and no more
water can be absorbed;
when rain or irrigation
continues, pools may form
After irrigation or rainfall, the water may rise and
reach the root zone
 The Main Aims of Field drainage

To bring soil moisture down from saturation to

field capacity. At field capacity, air is available to
the soil and most soils are mesophites ie. like to
grow at moisture less than saturation.
Drainage helps improve hydraulic conductivity:
Soil structure can collapse under very wet
conditions and so also engineering structures.
In some areas with salt disposition, especially in
arid regions, drainage is used to leach excess
salt.
 The Main Aims of Field drainage

In irrigated areas, drainage is needed due to

poor application efficiency which means that a
lot of water is applied.
Drainage can shorten the number of occasions
when cultivation is held up waiting for soil to dry
out.
Drainage
Systems
 COMPONENTS OF A DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Three Components
1) Field Drainage System
prevents ponding water on the field and/or controls the
water table
a network that gathers the excess water from the land by
means of field drains, possibly supplemented by measures
to promote the flow of water to these drains
the most important component for the farmers
 COMPONENTS OF A DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Three Components
2) Main Drainage System
conveys the water away from the farm
water-conveyance system that receives water from the
field drainage systems, surface runoff and groundwater
flow, and transports it to the outlet
consists of some collector drains and a main drainage
canal
 COMPONENTS OF A DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Three Components
3) Outlet
the point where the drainage water is led out of the area
the terminal point of the entire drainage system, from
where the drainage water is discharged into a river, a
lake, or a sea
can be one of two kinds: a gravity outlet or a pumping
station
Different Types of Drainage

Drainage can be either natural or artificial. Many

areas have some natural drainage; this means that
excess water flows from the farmers' fields to
swamps or to lakes and rivers.

Natural drainage, however, is often inadequate

and artificial or man-made drainage is required.
Two Types of Artificial Drainage
1.Surface
2.Sub-surface
drainage
Surface
Drainage
 Sub-Surface Drainage

DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS:

Surface drainage involves the removal of excess
water from the surface of the soil.
This is done by removing low spots where water
accumulates by land forming or by excavating
ditches or a combination of the two.
A field drain for surface
drainage
Surface Drainage
Surface Drainage
 Sub-Surface Drainage

A surface drainage system always has two

components:
Open field drains to collect the ponding water
and divert it to the collector drain.
Land forming to enhance the flow of water
towards the field drains
 Sub-Surface Drainage

Land Forming means changing the surface of the land to

meet the requirements of surface drainage or irrigation.
Three land-forming systems:

Land grading

Bedding
Land planning
 Surface Drainage

Drainage commonly through open ditch

systems or mole systems
Four types of open shallow ditch systems:
1) Depression ditch
2) Parallel non-passable ditch
3) Parallel passable ditch
4) Cross-slope ditch
 Surface Drainage

1) Depression ditch system:

- fields with limited number of pronounced,
elongated depressions
- depressions drained individually or connected

2) Parallel non-passable ditch system:

- fields that are fairly flat to highly uneven
- ditches run parallel in field, spaced to amount of
water collected
- ditches non-passable with machinery
 Surface Drainage

3) Parallel passable ditch system:

- soils with similar characteristics as parallel non-
passable ditch system
- ditches passable with machinery

4) Cross-slope ditch system:

- applicable to gently sloping land
- ditches placed perpendicular to slope
- land cultivated down slope
Subsurface
Drainage
 Sub-Surface Drainage

DESIGN OF SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS:

Sub-surface drainage is the removal of excess
groundwater below the soil surface.
It aims at increasing the rate at which water will
drain from the soil, and so lowering the water
table, thus increasing the depth of drier soil
above the water table.
Sub-surface drainage can be done by open
ditches or buried drains.
Subsurface Drainage
Subsurface Drainage
 Subsurface Drainage

Used on soils where excess water easily infiltrates

into ground, raising the water table ie: sandy soils
under irrigation
soils with high water table

Three main field drains used;

1) Pipe Drains
2) Deep Ditches
3) Well Pumping
 Subsurface Drainage

1) PIPE DRAIN SYSTEM

Most common method in temperate agriculture
Used for salinity control for irrigation
System consists of field and collector drains
Single-sided entry collector pipes
Double-sided entry collector pipes
Singular system
Composite system
Sub-Surface Drainage

Sub-Surface Drains Using Buried Drains

 Subsurface Drainage

2) DEEP DITCH SYSTEM

Ditches can be used to remove excess ground
and surface water
Cheaper to install
Deep ditches restrict machinery operations
Loss of up to 10% land with ditches
Higher maintenance required to maintain good
grade for discharge
Subsurface Drainage

Sub-Surface Drainage Using Ditches

 Subsurface Drainage

Sub-Surface Drainage Using Ditches

Ditches have lower initial cost than buried
drains;
There is ease of inspection and ditches are
applicable in some organic soils where drains
are unsuitable.
Ditches, however, reduce the land available for
cropping and require more maintenance that
drains due to weed growth and erosion.
 Subsurface Drainage

3) PUMP DRAINAGE
Ditches can be used to remove excess ground
and surface water
Cheaper to install
Deep ditches restrict machinery operations
Loss of up to 10% land with ditches
Higher maintenance required to maintain good
grade for discharge
 Sub-Surface Drainage

The Major Considerations in Sub-surface Drainage

Design Include:
Drainage Coefficient;
Drain Depth and Spacing;
Drain Diameters and Gradient;
Drainage Filters.
END