How Chemical Engineering will

Drive the 21st Century?

The Mega Possibilities Ahead

Partha@ParthaGhosh

Partha S Ghosh
How do you sense the State of Health of
our Planet?

What is the Global GDP?

What percentage of Global

GDP is Process Industry?
Partha S Ghosh
 Global Population 650 Years = US today: 300M

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Boston Analytics Research
1. Energy Consumption and Sources of Renewable Energy, Amitabh Lath, (www.physics.rutgers.edu/~lath/Piscataway_2003.ppt)
Partha S Ghosh
 Population 300 Years ago: 600M Pre-industrial
revolution

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Boston Analytics Research
1. Energy Consumption and Sources of Renewable Energy, Amitabh Lath, (www.physics.rutgers.edu/~lath/Piscataway_2003.ppt)
Partha S Ghosh
 Population Hundred Years ago : 1,600 Million

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Boston Analytics Research
1. Energy Consumption and Sources of Renewable Energy, Amitabh Lath, (www.physics.rutgers.edu/~lath/Piscataway_2003.ppt)
Partha S Ghosh
 Post World War II, 50 years later 2,400 Million

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Boston Analytics Research
1. Energy Consumption and Sources of Renewable Energy, Amitabh Lath, (www.physics.rutgers.edu/~lath/Piscataway_2003.ppt)
Partha S Ghosh
 The Recent Past, 20 Years back 5,000 Million

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Boston Analytics Research
1. Energy Consumption and Sources of Renewable Energy, Amitabh Lath, (www.physics.rutgers.edu/~lath/Piscataway_2003.ppt)
Partha S Ghosh
 And Near Future 2020: 8000 Million

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Boston Analytics Research
1. Energy Consumption and Sources of Renewable Energy, Amitabh Lath, (www.physics.rutgers.edu/~lath/Piscataway_2003.ppt)
Partha S Ghosh
 Slow Pace of Dangerous Change : CO2 emission

World Carbon Dioxide Emission in Million

Metric Tons
(1980 to 2050*)1
70,000
60,000 65 Billion
Million Metric Tons

50,000
Tons by 2050
40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0
1980 1990 2003 2010 2020 2025 2050
Boston Analytics Research
1. Energy Information Administration (http://www.eia.doe.gov) Year
Partha S Ghosh
How Hot will Boston be?

Number of Hot Days in Boston (1961 to 2099)1

70 64.1
Days per Year over 90o F

60

50
39.3
40
31.5
30 25.5

20 15.7 17.7
9.5
10

0
1961 to 1990 2010 to 2039 2040 to 2069 2070 to 2099
Projections
Lower emissions Higher
emissions
Boston Analytics Research
1. Union of Concerned Scientists, Joan Mclaughin/Globe Staff
Partha S Ghosh
Global Warming is Lethal?

Causes and Effects of Global Warming1

Cause Global Warming Effect

Other
industria

Changes in
l Rise in Sea level
activities
land use, , 3%
9% Reductions in the ozone
Agricultura layer
l practices,
14% Increased intensity and
Energy use
frequency of extreme
and weather events
Chlorofluo production
r , 57% Impacts on agriculture
ocarbons,
17% Spread of disease
Greenhouse Gases (GHG e.g. CO2)
Boston Analytics Research
1. Causes of Global Warming (http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Statistics/causes_of_global_warming.html)
Partha S Ghosh
Sea level is expected to Rise: How much?

Estimated Sea Level Rise in cm (2000 to 2100)1

350.0
Estimated Sea Level Rise (cm)

345.0

300.0

250.0 212.7
200.0

150.0 116.7
100.0
54.9 56.2
38.0
50.0 17.1 23.8
4.8 13.0
0.0
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Conservative Scenario High
Scenario
Boston Analytics Research
1. Estimates of Future Sea Level Rise, John S. Hoffman`
Partha S Ghosh
Annual loss of Forest land 16.2 Mn Hectares
Annual Change in Forest Area (000 ha per year) 1990 to 2005)1

Europe 1,538

Asia 211

-661 Oceania & Australia

-804 North & Central America

-8,053 South
America
-8,415 Africa

-16,184 World

-20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000

Boston Analytics Research
1. Extent of forest resources, (http://www.mongabay.com/deforestation.htm)

Partha S Ghosh
In fact the US has lost considerable forest area

Change in Forest Area in the US (1620 to 1920)1

1620 1920

Partha S Ghosh
Dynamics of Deforestation and Ecology: Require
Repurposing our Chemical Engineering Knowledge
Less CO2 taken in
Burning Trees adds even more
CO2
Less photosynthesis takes
HYDROSPHERE ATMOSPHERE
place
Increased risk of fire

Increase in Flash Floods Loss of vegetation

Aquatic Habitat Degraded Decrease in no. of species

Flow of Water Changes Leads to increasing infestation

DEFORESTATION1
Less Oxygen in the Decrease of pollinators & seed
waterways dispersers
Loss of human diversity

GEOSPHERE BIOSPHERE
Soil Erosion

Boston Analytics Research

1. The Choice: Doomsday or Arbor Day, (http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/deforestation.htm)
Partha S Ghosh
The Essential Points:

1. Indeed Challenging &

Interesting times ahead

Partha S Ghosh
Powerful Forces at Work?
Changing
Ecology

65 Increasin
Billion g
Tons of Populatio
CO2 Risin n
Equit
g y
Temperatur
e Increasin
Deforestati
g Sea
on
Level

Finite
Resources
Partha S Ghosh
Powerful Forces at Work: Clash of Perspectives?

Changing
Digitization Wall Street
Ecology
requirements Expectations
65 Billion
Increasing
Tons of
CO2
Population
Rising CO2 Equity

Temperature
Deforestation
Increasing
Sea
Level

Finite
Resources
Partha S Ghosh
 Most of the world is still in the early stage of Economic
development

Energy Consumption per Capita vs. GDP per Capita (2004)1

140

120
Canada

US
Energy Consumption

100
(000 KWHr / Capita)

80% of
80 Global
Population
60 Russia France
Germany Japan
Kazakhstan Czech
Italy UK
40 Republic
Ukraine
Thailand Malaysia
20 Romania
Brazil
China
Indonesia Turkey Egypt Philippines
India 0
0 5000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
GDP / Capita (US$)
10000
1. Energy Information Administration - EIA (http://www.eia.doe.gov/)
Boston Analytics Research Partha S Ghosh
Future Natural Gas requirement of Asia

Overview of Energy Scenario (In BCM)

Country 2001 2010 2015 2020 2025

India 22 65 90 114 143
China 28 54 74 102 142
Japan 79 91 99 108 119
South Korea 20 28 37 43 51
Other Asia 139 153 173 198 230
Total 288 391 473 565 685

Partha S Ghosh
If China & India consumes energy @ 25% of US/capita
total energy consumption will increase by 41.6 T KwHr

Actual vs Estimated* (2004)1

200
172.4

150 41.6
Energy Consumption

130.8
(Trillion KWHr)

100

50

0
Actual

Estimated*
Partha S Ghosh
* Per capita energy consumption of the selected countries is 25% of US per capita energy consumption
Old Path or New Path: Time to Choose?
Plastic Consumption per capita in Selected Countries vs.
GDP per capita (2003)1,2,3
Plastic Consumption per capita (in

140
Developing and R2 = 0.8631
120 Moderately Developed Germany US
Countries
Singapore Japan
100

80 Canada

60
Malaysia
40
Hungary Highly
20 Thailand Developed
China Poland Countries
kg)

Indonesia
0 India
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

GDP per capita (in US$)

Boston Analytics Research
1. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_11-9-2003_pg5_12
2. Poland and its investment opportunity BCG Report
3. http://www.eia.doe.gov/
Partha S Ghosh
On the other hand Oil Production Capita has
been declining at a rate of 1.2% annually
Iranian Revolution

*
1973 Yom
Kipper War

1946 to 1980 The

growth in world
wide wealth

*Measured in barrels of oil per person per year (b/c/year)

Boston Analytics Research
1. Peak Oil The Beginning of an End, (http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/ene4_2005.pdf)
2. BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2006, BP Plc (http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview)

Partha S Ghosh
Cleary we are at the End of a Long Era?
Economic Development Curves
High

Information
Revolution
Productivity of Society

Industrial Revolution 2
(Internal Combustion
Engine)

Industrial Revolution 1
(Steam Engine)

2
Low
0
Time
0
5
Partha S Ghosh
~
2
The Essential Points:
1. Indeed Challenging & Interesting times
ahead

2. The Process Industry will

become more dominant & will
be the driver

Partha S Ghosh
Mega Challenge = Managing a Mega Transition
to avoid Mega disruption
1350 1900 2005 ~2010 2050

Era of Extraction &

Mono dimensional Value Creation

Unconstrained Processing of Earths resources

New Relationship of Space & Time
Supply to Fuel Unidirectional Demand

1. Concentrated Next Era Paradigm?

Economic Growth
2. Ecological
disequilibrium Role of Chemical Engineers ?
3. Complex Politics of
Supply Chain
Holistic Approach?

PROBLEMS
OPPORTUNITIES
Holistic Approach Renewable and
Energy Clean Energy
Source

Ecology Equity

Energy ,Food
and Health for All
Sustainable Economic
Developed
Partha S Ghosh
 Scope of the Field?
Chemical Industrys Future (?): Two Strategic Vectors
Balance?
Conservation
driven
Balance of Ecology

Future Chemical
Engineer

Consumption
driven Perspective?
P Balance of Economic Holistic/Integrative
oi Advance Solution
nt
Partha S Ghosh
S
ol
ut
 Expanded Field?
Chemical Industrys Future (?): Two Strategic Vectors

Balance?
Conservation

Carbon Systems Approach to

Free Energy &
Balance of Ecology

Energy Transportation
System Management
u ture Chemic al
F
New E gineer
n
Chemistry Recycling
of Waste
for the
Car
Agro based
Recyclin Chemical
g Lighter
Industry
Today Product
Improve
s Proces
Consumption functionaliti
d
es Intensificatio
n
s
Perspective?
Point Balance of Economic Advance Holistic
Solution Solutio
n
Partha S Ghosh
Strategic Direction of Chemical Industry

Positive
Create New Investment in Next
generation
Game Knowledge Intensive
Energy/Materials
Balance of

Solutions: Small is
Ecology

beautiful

Energy Efficient
consumption
Negative

Negative Positive
Balance of Economic Progress
Partha S Ghosh
Mega Challenge = Managing a Mega Transition
to avoid Mega disruption
1350 1900 2005 ~2010 2050

Era of Extraction &

Mono dimensional Value Creation

Unconstrained Processing of Earths resources

New Relationship of Space & Time
Supply to Fuel Unidirectional Demand

Multi vector Multi tier

1. Concentrated
Economic Growth
Renaissance
2. Ecological
disequilibrium
3. Complex Politics of
Supply Chain
An unique opportunity for Chemical
Engineers
Critical Assets

Thermodynamics
Chemical Industrys
Knowledge Asset (How far?)

Kinetics
Extraordinary (How fast?)
Knowledge base
Size Reduction
(Rooted in the early
Stages of (Surface Properties ?)
Industrial
Revolution)
Transport Phenomena

(Flow Mechanisms?)
Partha S Ghosh
 And Look for Mega possibilities @ the Intersection of
Conventional Engineering & New Technologies

Chemical Fundamentals In flux of New

Methodologies
Thermodynamics
Genomics
Kinetics
Proteomi
Transport sciences cs
Micro
Conventional Unit fluidics
110010100111
Operations Nano
Separation technolo
processes gies
Reactors New Convergence
Technologies
Heat & Mass transfer
asystems Large database
tools
Predictive
Partha S Ghosh
models
Increased
 The Promise of Chemical Industry has to be
applied in Multiple Scales
Three Scales of Knowledge Application
Holistic /Tera Scale
Perspective
Large Scale Systems Dynamics Tera Scale
Issues
1 Global Ecological Balance ?
Energy Balance ?
Social Structures ?
Scales of Engagement

Current

2 Scale
1. Efficiency
Raw materials 2. Conservation
3. Recycling

Micro Nano
Cellular /Nano Scale
3 Level
functionalities

Microscopic

Perspective
Partha S Ghosh
 The Promise of Chemical Industry has to be
applied in Multiple Scales
Three Scales of Knowledge Application
Holistic /Tera Scale
Perspective
Large Scale Systems Dynamics Tera Scale
Issues
1 Global Ecological Balance ?
Energy Balance ?
of
Social Structures ?
ss
Scales of Engagement

ce Current
ro es
2 P lin Scale
on ip
ti c
1. Efficiency
Raw materials
a
iz di s 2. Conservation
3. Recycling
l
c ia le Micro Nano
o
Cellular /Nano
S ti p Scale
3 Level
ul
M
functionalities

Microscopic

Perspective
Partha S Ghosh
New technologies could indeed trigger a New Era
Process Industry Reconfiguration

Nano Information
Technologies
Technology

10011000101110
Upstream Downstream

Opto Technologies Biotechnology

Partha S Ghosh
Towards an Agro cell based Economic
Revolution?
Development of a More Sustainable Economic Model
High

Towards improved
Information new
Productivity of Society

socioeconomic
Revolution
structures with a
new agro based
Industrial Revolution 2 revolution
(Internal Combustion Symbiosis
Engine) of Multiple Disciplines
A Genomics / Biosciences
g Unit operations
r
Bio Catalyst
o
- Convergence technologies

c (4 Cs)
Low e
Time
l
l

Partha S Ghosh
B
a
s
 For Example: An Agro Complex?
Resource Critical Issues Resource Industry Critical Issues
Industry Increase in yield (kg / hectare) Chemical Industry
Cereal Crops Quality and consistency?
Fruits Vegetables
Distribution system?
Food and Down stream value addition Flowers
Dyes and
Tea and branding?

Beverage Algae Pigments Knowledge sharing and

Vegetables
awareness building?
Natural Rubber
Aqua Products Polymers Development of low cost
process equipment and
Starch and Epoxy controls?
Cotton Fiber, Cost Effectiveness?
Glues Storage and distribution
Quality consistency? Lignins
Silk
Fabric system?
Familiarity with fashion trends?
and Alcohol
Economics of scale and cost
New application on Solvent and competitiveness?
Jute Fashion development?
Starches Chemicals
Bio-mass Knowledge sharing
Low cost equipment Jute Stick Board Knowledge sharing application
Wind Farming development? development?
Furniture /
Energy Promotional Chip Board
Constrn.
Machinery development for
Seed Oils activities? rural use?
Renewable Wood Development of hot stamping
Starches technology?
Sugar Cane
Paper, Knowledge Sharing and
Specialty Chemical Industry Straw application?
Paper Low cost machinery
Herbs Pharmaceu Jute Board and development?
Awareness building?
Medical Plants
ticals and Involvement of university
Incentives for
Waste Woof Pulp Packaging corporate sector?
Ayurvedics professionals?
Algae / Azola Incentives for corporate Rapeseed Promotion of new application
sector? Lequerella based on agro?
Perfume Oil and
Vegetable Oil Venture funds bottom up Availability of venture funds?
Personal development? Castor Lubricants Creation of down stream
Flowers Care Seed
Partha S Ghosh pillars?
Biotechnology could enable production of better breeds
of trees enabling fast and healthy reforestation
Tree Breeding and Seed Production Processes1
3. Breeding: After testing, better wild parent
trees are selected for the breeding program.
The aim is to increase the extent to which the
4. Production:
desired characteristics are shown in every
Cuttings from the wild
subsequent generation
parent trees are
grafted in the orchard
in a random pattern
and allowed to cross-
pollinate

1. Selection: The
selection process
involves the finding 2. Testing: In the
wild trees which testing phase,
possess the desired researchers try to find
traits (e.g. pest those parent trees
resistance, superior that carry the best
growth or form etc) genes for the desired
characteristics
Partha S Ghosh
Biocatalysts: Using enzymes as catalysts for synthesis
in mild conditions?
Biocatalysis in the Manufacture of Polymers1

Polymer is obtained under

mild process
conditions and is
environmentally
friendly

Enzymes act as
biocatalysts enabling
precision polymer
synthesis

Partha S Ghosh
Development and fine tuning of Biofuels
Technologies could open up new vistas

Feedstocks Conversion Fuel EEnndd---

UUUssse
Thermochemical Conv.
Consumer
Consumer e
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Residues
Residues
Gasification
Gasification Fuel
Fuel Cell
Cell

Syngas
Agricultural
Agricultural Pyrolysis Vehicles
Pyrolysis Methanol
Methanol Vehicles
Residues
Residues Liquif
Liquif &
& HTU
HTU

Bio-Oil
Bio-Oil
Fiber
Fiber Biochemical Conv. (Fischer-
(Fischer- Gasoline
Gasoline
Residues
Residues
Anaerobic
Anaerobic
Tropsch)
Tropsch) Vehicles
Vehicles
Cellulosic
Cellulosic Digestion
Digestion Biogas
Fermentation Biogas
Peren.
Peren. Crops
Crops Fermentation
&
&
Distillation
Distillation Diesel
Diesel
Energy
Energy Microbial
Microbial Ethanol Vehicles
Vehicles
Ethanol
Crops
Crops
Digestion
Digestion
Biodiesel
Biodiesel (Veg.
Oil
Oil Extraction
Extraction Oil(Veg.
Methyl
Crops
Crops Oil
Esters)
Methyl
Esters)
Partha S Ghosh
 Cellulosic ethanol is on the horizon
Process Description Pilot plants
Fermentation Conventional ethanol from 2% of U.S. gasoline
sugars (corn, sugarcane) are demand currently
marginally energy positive. 100- comes from ethanol
110 gal/ton made this way from 7%
of corn

Acid hydrolysis Strong acids are used to break Commercial plants in

down cellulose into sugars. operation. Used mainly
in niche markets for
waste disposal.
cellulose

Thermal High temperatures convert Arkansas and Colorado

gasification biomass into synthesis gas of
carbon oxides and hydrogen. In
the presence of a catalyst, these
gases are converted to ethanol.

Enzymatic Enzymes turn woody biomass Ontario

reduction into sugars.

Partha S Ghosh
Biomass Energy development will require a full range of
conventional Chemical Technologies
Different Technologies to Harness Biomass Energy1,2

Biomass
Combustion of biomass to produce electricity
Combustion

Biomass Gasification is meant to convert solid carbon fuels into

Gasification gaseous fuels

Biomass Carbonization converts biomass into biofuels / biocarbons

Carbonization (charcoal and carbonized charcoal)

Biomass Biomass densification converts the loose biomass (agricultural

Densification and agro industrial wastes) into a densified fuel called
briquettes

Biogas Biogas production involves the fermentation of cowdung, crop

Production residue and kitchen waste in the absence of oxygen to
produce biogas (mainly CH4, CO2 and other gases)

Partha S Ghosh
Power & Energy: Large Scale Engineering
systems thinking is essential

BioEnergy

Wind Farm PV Array

StirliEnnggnies
Rooftop PVs
TDsi rrtabi nuitsonmission
Fuel Cells
and

Microturbines Fuel Cells

Reciprocating engines

Residential Commercial
FuelMicroturbines
Cells
Reciprocating engines
Industrial

The Virtual Power Plant

Aggregates the output of thousands of micropower technologies
Peak shaving becomes power trading on the wholesale market
Coordination and control through a new communications infrastructure

Partha S Ghosh
 Solar Energy has the potential to address our growing
energy needs in an environmentally-friendly way
Basic Mechanisms of Solar Energy Conversion1
Fuel
Electricity Light

CO O H2
e e
Sugar
2 2

sc M
sc M
H2O
H2 O
O
2 Semiconductor/Liquid
Junctions
Boston Analytics Research
1.Global Energy Perspective, Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA Partha S Ghosh
Poor efficiency and intricate material processing
techniques are major issues with the solar cell

Major Issues with a Photovoltaic (PV) Cell 1,2,3

Light

Photovoltaic
(PV) cells Polycrystalline Si
provide O H2 technology in
efficiencies as e semiconductors is
low as 25% 2 relatively
Require: New sc complex.
M
electrolytes and Flat Plate Si crystalline
catalysts to is better but yet
improve efficiency
H2 O
significant development
of the PV cell will be required
Semiconductor/Liquid

Junctions/Photovoltaic
Boston Analytics Research
1.Global Energy Perspective, Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
2. Solar Energy: The Ultimate Renewable Resource, Bhavik Shah www.physics.rutgers.edu
3. Solar Energy Research at the Department of Energy. Big Deal!, Dan Preston, John Stechschulte, Alok Tayi and Dave Zahora -
www.mse.cornell.edu
Partha S Ghosh
 Reducing cost of production of electricity by wind
turbines could be a significant challenge
Challenges in Using Wind as a Source of Power1,2,3,4
Varying wind
supply require
innovative Aerodynamic
storage characteristics of
solutions the blade:
Knowledge of fluid
dynamics and
lubrication to
improve efficiencies

Boston Analytics Research

1. www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html
2. http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/wwg/issues.html#intermittency
3. Generic Wind Turbine- generator Models, Western electricity Coordinating Council, Abraham E

Partha S Ghosh
Next Generation Nuclear plant design will require
significant Chemical Engineering Knowledge

Production of Nuclear Energy in a Pressurized Water Reactor1

Steam
Heat gives
Exchangers energy to
the turbine

Fission
zone
in the
reactor
Recycling
of steam

Partha S Ghosh
 Particularly in recycling of Spent Fuel

Challenges in Nuclear Fission1,2

The lighter elements in

Spent Fuel are
radioactive
Need new forms reuse of
fuel and chemical
Energy treatment processes
before disposal

Neutron Uranium Lighter elements

(Ba/Kr)

Partha S Ghosh
 Not Either Or, it is all about Unification

A D

H2 H2
CH4
Electrolizer Reformer

O2

B E

H2
Methanol
Suns
Rays Electrolizer
Biomass
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Photovoltaic Cells O2
Ethanol

H2 Cylinder Specialized Applications

C F
Metal Hydride
O2 H2

Nuclear
Cylinder
H2 Tanker /Pipeline
Partha S Ghosh
Fuel Cells works by converting chemical energy to
electrical energy On Demand
Basic Mechanism of a Fuel Cell1

Partha S Ghosh
 Fuel Cells have been around since the 19th century:
Could we take on the Challenge of commercialization ?
Major Challenges in Using a Fuel Cell1,2,3

Fuel cells performance function of Overall efficiency of the cell

Electrolytes and Catalysts Electricity is just 24-30% due to poor
Knowledge of Fluid flow conversion of CH3OH to H2
Material science for advanced catalysts Systems design and catalysts
and electrolyte systems

O2 Fuel
H2O
H2 /CH3OH
Cell Chemical engineers can
experiment with different materials
Size and weight of fuel cells
Heat and electrode systems to come
Process Intensification to reduce size
up with cost-effective solutions
and weight of cell
Boston Analytics Research
1. www.howstuffworks.com
2. Changing the way America drives: WPI chemical engineer works on fuel-cell power, WPI News & Events
3. http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/fc_challenges.html
Partha S Ghosh
 Heat Mining: Health & safety concerns due to materials
ejecting from the Earth are issues that will need attention
Challenges in Harnessing Geothermal Energy1,2,3,4
The steam coming out needs to
be purified before it drives the
turbine
Chemical engineers can design
a steam purification plant

Injection Injecting Hydro

Doublet
well water fracture

Many-a-times, hazardous gases and minerals may

be released during heat extraction
Engineers can develop a safety ssyysstteemmssby
which the ttohxeicot sxuci bsstuabnscteasncweosuwldonuodl t
hnaortmhatrhme sthuerroundings jsuusrtor likuendSni HgEsm
euj cshtalnki iesmSsHaEremeevcohlavneidsmfosr cahreemical
pelvaonlvst ed for chemical plants

Partha S Ghosh
Boston Analytics Research
1. www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/geothermal.htm#more ,2.
www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation_text.html
An Opportunity in search of Creativity: Nano
manufacturing will need committed work

Challenges of Nano-Manufacturing1,2,3

Deep understanding of molecular Scale-up of processes for

behavior required for accurate cost-effective methods of
positioning and attack of molecules manufacturing
Knowledge in Quantum chemistry is
essential

Molecule A Molecule B Product

Partha S Ghosh
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are materials that can
recover from strain when they are heated above a certain
temperature
Basic Mechanism of SMAs1

The SMAs have two phases -

the high-temperature phase,
austenite (hard, inelastic,
simple FCC structure) and
the low-temperature phase,
martensite (soft, elastic,
complex structure).
Transformation between
these two phases at
different temperatures leads
to shape memory
Example: NiTiNol, CuZnAl
etc.

Boston Analytics Research

1. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) Presentation - E3 AEROSPACE ENGINEERING RESEARCH - Moses Z. Horto and Ali A. Jafry
Partha S Ghosh
Current Research is directed towards improving the
data quality and biodegradability of optical fibers
Issues in Transmission1,2,3

Research is on to enhance the size and quality

of data transfer through a fiber Improve over systems
For example tiny drops of fluid inside the functionalities of fibers and
fiber in order to improve the flow of data biodegradability
carrying photons resulting in fast transmission
and improvement in quality

Boston Analytics Research

1. 10 emerging technologies that will change your world, Technology Review, February 2004,
www.technologyview.com
2. http://www.ntcresearch.org/pdf-rpts/Bref0595P/Ba0r5thCa94S04G.phdof
3. http://www.ims.uconn.edu/~rampi/ENGR166/Topic16.ppt#306,12,Properties of optical fibers

sh
As micro technologies develop macro systems solutions
will become more affordable

Comparison of Average Electricity Generation Cost*

($cents/KWh)1,2,3 Capital Cost* ($/KW)1,2,3

5,544
S o la r
41.1 4,053
Hydro
24.4 3,390
B io ma s s
12.5
O il 910
11.0
9.9 1,363
W ind
7.1
Different methods of 1,842
Coal IG CC
6.3 generating electricity from coal
Coal
1,345
6.1
CFB 1,511
4.1
Coal P F 2,118
Nuc lear
Note : *These are only indicative figures. Actually, electricity generation cost varies across different
territories as per the environmental and technological scenario.
Boston Analytics Research
1. The Cost of Generating Electricity, Royal Academy of Engineering, March 2004 (213.130.42.236/wna_pdfs/rae-summary.pdf)

2. Powering the Nation, Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd, MarcPha20r0th6

a(htStp:/G/wwhwo.psbhpower.net/inprint/pbpubs/powerthenation/powerthenation.htm)
3. Solar Energy in SGM, Renewable Energy Modeling Series, Allen Fawcett, December 2004 (http://www.epa.gov/cleanrgy/pdf/fawcett-
The Essential Points:
1. Indeed Challenging & Interesting times
ahead

2. The Process Industry will become more

dominant & will be the driver

3. 21st Century Chemical Engineer:

Three in One Strategic Problem
Solver

Partha S Ghosh
We have the tools: We need the commitment
to link Supply and Demand

Supply-Demand
Supply-Demand Dynamics
Dynamics

Demand
Supply
Clean Energy

New Materials
Six Sigma Power

Precision Controls
Efficiency of

Nanotechnology
Consumption
Life Sciences Ecological balance

Miniaturization/Process More advanced living

Intensification
and work spaces
Convergence / Broadband
Global Equity
infrastructure

Partha S Ghosh
The Chemical Engineer is a multi-disciplinary
engineer a Strategic Problem Solver

Transport Thermo-
Phenomenon dynamics Kinetics

Materials
Biology/Genetics Science
The Chemical Engineer
Computer Science
as , O, H Management/Economics

Fields of
Application

Design Engineering, Plant Operations, Process Optimization,

Engineering balance of Living Systems, Energy Engineering,
Material Research, Environmental Engineering, Biotech, Safety
Engineering, Nano Engineering
Boston Analytics Research
1. http://www.ecs.umass.edu/che/ Partha S Ghosh
 Equipment efficiency?

Equipment Efficiency vs. Equipment (2004)1,2,3,4,5

Thermodynamic
100%
20% improvement
Efficiency=100%
Equipment Efficiency

80%

60% 35% improvement

10%
40% improvement

20%

0%
Lighting IC Engines Air Heaters Boilers
Conditioners
Devices
Equipments

Boston Analytics Research

Partha S Ghosh
 Where a long-haul Class 8 trucks diesel fuel
goes ?

Focus: End of Chain [Fuel] [Engine] [Drivetrain] [Tractive Loads]

1.00 0.07
0.93 0.56 ~38% efficient today: Engine &
drivetrain
Represents >100 years R&D:
Engine
efficiency is more difficult to improve
further than is end-use efficiency

End-use: Consider what would happen if

we halved aerodynamic drag and mass

0.02 0.03 0.02 0.30 0.19

0.11 0.05
0.06

Total Primary Used in Driver Drive train Aero- Moves the

Energy Losses* Losses Dynamic Platform
Hauling Engine
Idling Auxiliary Reaches Drag Rolling H
Losses Loads the Wheels Resistance aFreight
Losses u
Source: Technology Roadmap for the 21st Century Truck Program (DOE 2000), RMI analysis l
s
Partha S Ghosh
t
h
e
 Reduction in energy intensity could reduce
world energy demand by 14% to 20% in 2025
World Energy Demand in Quadrillion Btu (2025)1 :If Energy Intensity is Reduced in
Selected Regions

645.0 10.3
Quadrillion Btu

700 38.2 15.2 26.5

554
.8
600

500
0
Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction
400 2025 2025
in India in China in Western in US
Projected Projected
300 Europe
Energy Energy
200 Demand Demand after
Assumptions: Reduction
100 Energy intensity is reduced by 35% for India and China
Energy intensity is reduced by 20% for Western Europe (WE) and US
Partha S Ghosh
The Essential Points:
1. Indeed Challenging & Interesting times
ahead

2. The Process Industry will become more

dominant & will be the driver

3. The 2st Century Chemical Engineer

4. A Vision of the Future

Partha S Ghosh
The New horizons

Frontier Areas Brief Description

Alternative Energy Ecology friendly, Sustainable and

Safe Energy for all
Taking a bottom-up approach to manufacturing
Nano-Manufacturing mechanisms at nanoscale to yield products of high
quality with zero wastage

Novel Materials Efficiency of Usage of Materials e.g. Shape

memory alloys, new fibers etc.

Partha S Ghosh
 beyond current framework of plant design and
engineering

Frontier Areas Brief Description

Microorganisms and enzymes to catalyze

Biocatalysis reactions such as polymerization without any
harmful or toxic releases and at normal
conditions
Genetic Production of healthier and fast-growing trees
Reforestation using principles of genetics and
biotechnology
Waste Recycling Making optimum use of recycling to productively
utilize waste materials

Partha S Ghosh
 Last 5,000 Years ..Future Possibilities..
Economics of Linear Economics of Closed
Mechanics: Extraction, Loop Harmony
Exploitation & Experimentation

Solar , Wind
Bio Mass Fuel Cells
Agro

New Energy
Clean and Power
Technologies
Water
Broadband
Clean Energy

Knowledge for
Recovery/Recycle

Partha S Ghosh
 .. Chemical Engineering Education & Industry
has to Rekindle the Sprit of Enquiry

High

The Spirit of Enquiry?

Renewability
intensity

Reconfigure
Current
processes

Low
Low High
Conservation
intensity
The Journey forward . . .

Toward a New
Integrated Vision
for Intelligent
Holistic Mass &
Energy
Balance Plays

Partha S Ghosh
It is not in the Seeming , it is in
the.but
being,even more in the
Becoming . . .
Lets wish for the best

Partha S Ghosh
Questions ???

Partha S Ghosh