FILM CAMERA

BY: LEXI GRUBBS, ANNA CHIPREAN, ELLA BEIDLER, AND

KAITLYN GRUBBS
SPECTRA OFFILM CAMERAS
EDWIN H. LAND
CREATOR OF THE POLAROIDAND THE SPECTRA SYSTEM USEDWITHIN IT
STUDIED PHYSICS ANDCHEMISTRY AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY, BUT QUIT
AFTER FRESHMEN YEAR
ORIGINALLY,HIS WORK DID NOT FOCUS ONTHE FILM CAMERA
"DEVELOPED A WIDE VARIETYOF APPLICATIONS, AND WASUSED
INTHEPRODUCTIONOF SUNGLASSES AND COLOR ANIMATION"
(BIOGRAPHY.COM 1)
 BEGAN DEVELOPMENTS ON THEFILM
CAMERA IN1943
ONFEBRUARY27TH, 1947,THE FIRST
FULLYFUNCTIONAL INSTANTCAMERA
WASSUCCESSFULLY TESTED
ORIGINALLY,CAMERASONLYPRINTED
SPECTRA OF A FILM
PICTURES IN BLACK AND WHITE,
CAMERA OCCASIONALLY IN BROWN INK
(CONTINUED.) THOUGH THERE WASRARELYCOLOR,CAMERAS
WERE STILL SENSITIVE TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHTS
AND SHADING
FILTERS WERE OFTEN ADDED TOCHANGE THE
SHADES OF THE DARK INK AND GIVETHE
ILLUSION OFNEW COLOR
CAMERAS DID NOT RECEIVE A
FILMSPECTRA UNTIL THE EARLY
1960S
HOWEVER, THISCOLORFUL DEVELOPMENT WAS
NOT PERFECTBY ANY MEANS
 THE SPECTRA SYSTEM REQUIRED LOTS OF
WORK, MONEY, AND EQUIPMENT WHEN IT FIRST
CAME ABOUT
IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE60SWHENALL
THISMINIMIZED SIGNIFICANTLY
SPECTRAOF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRAL
BANDSDEVELOPEDTO BE ABLE TO CAPTURE
AFILMCAMERA MORE COLOR ACCURATELY
(CONTINUED.) WAVELENGTHSWERE SORTED WITH SPECIAL
FILTERS
THIS HELPS TO CATCHWHAT HUMANS MISS
MULTISPECTRALIMAGINGHAS HELDSOME OF
THE BESTADVANCEMENTS THROUGH
THELAST50 YEARS
IT IS THE OPPOSITE OFPANCHROMATIC
THIS ONETHE MOST COMMON FORM OF
PHOTOGRAPHYUSED IN SPACE BECAUSEOF THIS
SYSTEM
IT IS ALSO CALLED HYPERSPECTRAL OR ULTRA
SPECTRAL
SPECTRA OF A FILM CAMERA (CONTINUED.)

HYPERSPECTRALIMAGERY
THISIS STRONGER THAN THE NAKED EYE BECAUSE OF ITS USE OF BANDS
THEWAVELENGTHS ARE DIVIDED INTO MULTIPLEWAVES ANDTHEY ARE
FINER THAN WHAT THE EYE SEES
HYPERSPECTRALIMAGERYIS USED OUTSIDE OF FILM CAMERAS AS
WELL
MEDICAL FIELD,AGRICULTURALSCANNING,MINERALOGY, THE
SCIENCES,SECURITY, ANDFOODPROCESSING AMONGST OTHERS
USE OF FILMCAMERAS
USED TO TAKE A RAPID SEQUENCE OF PHOTOGRAPHS ON FILM
EXAMPLES- MOVIES, MEDIA, RECREATIONAL USE
FILM WAS USED TO CAPTURETHESE PHOTOGRAPHS AND STORE THEMIN
INDIVIDUALFRAMES
HISTORY OF FILM CAMERA

1926 EDWIN H. LAND RESEARCHES LIGHT POLARIZATION

1928 LAND FILES PATENT FOR THE FIRST SYNTHETIC POLARIZER
1943 LAND COMES UP WITH THE IDEA OF AN INSTANT CAMERA
1948 FIRST CAMERA IS SOLD FOR $89.95, THE MODEL 95
1963 POLACOLOR, THE FIRST INSTANCE COLOR FILM
1963 MODEL 100 LAND CAMERA, THE FIRST FULLY-AUTOMATIC PACK FILM
AND EXPOSURE CONTROL
1972 SX-70 DEBUTS. THE FIRST FULLY-AUTOMATIC, MOTORIZED, AND
FOLDING CAMERA WITH INSTANT COLOR PRINTS
HISTORY OF FILM CAMERA

1997 POLAROID ONE STEP EXPRESS IS REISSUED WITH A ROUNDED BODY

AND VARIOUS COLOR OPTIONS
2011 Z340 INSTANT DIGITAL CAMERA
2012 POLAROID Z2300 INSTANT DIGITAL CAMERA
IMPORTANCE
FILM SPEEDS CAN VARY, WHICH RESULT IN HOW SENSITIVE THEY ARE TO
LIGHT
SLOW SPEEDS LET IN MORE LIGHT, BUT CAPTURES DETAILS BETTER
FASTER SPEEDS CAN STILL CAPTURE THE IMAGE, BUT ARE A LOWER QUALITY
FILM CAMERAS WERE USED TO FILM MOVIES
MANY PHOTOGRAPHERS ADMIT THAT THEY CAN TAKE PICTURES IN THE
MOMENT SINCE THEY'RE NOT WEIGHED DOWN WITH EQUIPMENT
HOWDOES IT WORK-THE PARTS
AN APERTURE (OR
VIEWFINDER-SHOWSHOW THE
DIAPHRAGM): A SMALL
PHOTOGRAPH WILL APPEAR
CIRCULAR HOLE IN THE CASE
A XENON FLASH LAMP-ADDS
THAT LETS IN LIGHT FOR THE
ENOUGH EXTRA LIGHT ENERGY
SHORT PERIOD WHEN YOU TO ACTIVATE THE FILM, EVEN IN
WANT TO TAKE A PHOTO. DARK CONDITIONS
A SHUTTER MECHANISM: A SLR (SINGLE LENS REFLEX)-
SPRING-LOADED SET OF PRISMS AND MIRRORS ALLOW
OVERLAPPING BLADES THAT YOU TO LOOK THROUGH THE
OPEN TO LET LIGHT IN ACTUAL LENS OF THE CAMERA
THROUGH THE APERTURE FOR AND SEE AN EXACT REPLICA OF
A PRECISE AMOUNT OF TIME THE PHOTO YOU'LL TAKE.
BEFORE CLOSING UP AGAIN.
 HOWDOESIT WORK-THE LENS(ES)
LENS(ES)- IN FRONT OF THE SHUTTER. THEY SCALE DOWN THE LARGE,
INCOMING IMAGE OF THE WORLD SO IT FITS INTO A MUCH SMALLER AREA OF
FILM
THEY CONCENTRATE THE INCOMING LIGHT ENERGY SO THE IMAGE FORMS ON
THE FILM MORE QUICKLY AND THE CAMERA CAN BE USED IN DARKER
CONDITIONS THAN WOULD OTHERWISE BE THE CASE.
THEY BRING THE LIGHT RAYS INTO A SHARP FOCUS EXACTLY ON THE SURFACE
OF THE FILM, SO YOU GET A CLEAR, SHARP, IMAGE RATHER THAN A BLURRED,
FUZZY IMPRESSION.
LARGESCALE-HOW IT WORKS
When light goes through the cornea, it
is crossed, so images we see are
actually transmitted upside down.
The brain then turns the image right
side up so that the things people see
are actually as they are.
This worksin asimilar waywith
acamera
A cameraalso has images that are
upsidedown
Thelenses in the camerawith light
transmitted help to focus the object and turn
it the right side up
Our eyes and the camera work together to
get aperfect picture
 HOW IT WORKS- LARGE SCALE
When a picture is taken, a flash
goes off creating a better light
source
The light that is transmitted
helps create the image on the
roll of film
When the picture is taken, the
darker shapes outline on the
film and then fill in with
highlights that create an image
SMALL SCALE-HOWITWORKS
FilmCameras haveinfrared and ultraviolet spectrum.
However,ultraviolet filters are used to reducethe colors
becausethey discolorof the image on film.
 SMALLSCALE- HOW IT WORKS
The
hyperspectrallinesshowmorecolor
s than what we can see(3)
The lines arethin and there are a
lot more
Matter is made up of atoms and molecules
and emit light
Light emission is spontaneous in cameras
In spontaneous emission, matter at a
sufficiently high energy level can relax by
emitting photons of a characteristic energy
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