Proposed Design

Methodology for shotcrete

W.C Joughin, G.C. Howell, A.R.

Leach & J. Thompson
 Research Workshop Team
William Joughin
Graham Howell
Tony Leach
Jody Thompson
Kevin Le Bron

Karl Akermann (AngloPlatinum), Lars Hage (BASF), Alan

Naismith, Julian Venter, Dave Ortlepp
 Design Process
Determination of rock Determination of Shotcrete
mass and loading Requirements
Excavation requirements
conditions Shotcrete function/purpose
Rock mass classification Is it required?
Stress modelling

Determination of
Shotcrete Demand
Determination of Deadweight loading
Quasi-static loading
Shotcrete Capacity
Dynamic loading
Peak/Residual capacity
Energy absorption
Standard tests Determination
Fibre content, mesh of safety factor
characteristics
 Rock mass conditions
Q/GSI
Stress
modelling
 Shotcrete requirements
(Excavation requirements)
Importance of excavation (access/production)
Exposure of personnel
Life of excavation
Functional dimensions of excavation
Maintenance and rehabilitation (redundancy)
 Shotcrete requirements
(Shotcrete function/purpose)
Structural support (Not covered)
Fabric between tendons to contain
jointed/fractured rock
To prevent spalling/strainbursting near face
 Shotcrete requirements
(is it required?)
Observations of block size and stress damage
Keyblock analysis (eg Jblock) (joint controlled)
Stress damage (RCF>0.7, 1/c ratio)
Empirical charts (joint controlled + SRF)
Shotcrete requirements
Shotcrete requirements
 Shotcrete Demand
Deadweight
Quasi-static
Dynamic
Shotcrete Demand
(deadweight)
Roof prism (Barret &
McCreath)
Sidewall prism slides
Conservative estimate
Shotcrete Demand
(Deadweight)
Shotcrete Demand (quasi-static)
Assumption: Rock mass will continue to deform
under quasi-static loading. Support pressures
provided by shotcrete are inadequate to prevent
deformation.
Objective is to survive the deformation and maintain
the functions of containing the fractured rock mass
If the moment demand exceeds the peak moment
capacity, the shotcrete will enter the residual state,
providing it is reinforced.
Shotcrete Demand (quasi-static)
(Displacement)
Displacement monitoring (extensometers)
Maximum displacement from Udec GRC
modelling
Displacement from modelling
Shotcrete Demand (quasi-static)
(Displacement)
Shotcrete Demand (quasi-static)
Shotcrete Demand (Dynamic)
Roof Prism (Barret &
McCreath
Sidewall: Kinetic Energy
Roof: Kinetic and potential
energy
Shotcrete Demand (Dynamic)
Shotcrete Demand (Dynamic)
 Shotcrete Capacity
Peak/residual strength
Energy Absorption
Standard tests (RDP/ASTMC1550, EFNARC)
Fibre content
Mesh area
Shotcrete Capacity (RDP)

Peak load
Shotcrete Capacity (RDP)
Shotcrete Capacity (RDP)
Shotcrete Capacity (RDP)
Generic
 Shotcrete Capacity (on wall)
8.66 x
75mm thick, 1m tendon spacing

1.33 x
Shotcrete Capacity (on wall)
75mm thick, 1m tendon spacing
Shotcrete capacity (Dynamic)
RDP
Factor of safety
 Outstanding work
Large scale panel tests (Kirsten & Labrum)
UDL & point load
Thickness (50mm, 100mm, 150mm)
Mesh & fibre
Large scale panel tests (Shotcrete working group Gerhard
Keyter)
 Acknowledgements
Mine Health and Safety Council (SIM040204)
South Deep Gold Mine, Mponeng Mine, Impala 14#
BASF (Lars Hage), Mash (Hector Snashall)
Geopractica, University of the Witwatersrand
Seismogen (Tony Ward)
James Dube, Hlangabeza Gumede