ROMAN

REPUBLIC
ROMAN
EMPIRE
FALL OF
UNIT 11 ROMAN
EMPIRE
ACCORDING TO LEGEND, ROME WAS FOUNDED IN 753 BC IN THE CENTRE OF
THE ITALIAN PENINSULA. THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED ON THE ITALIAN
PENINSULA DURING THIS PERIOD CAME FROM DIFFERENT ORIGINS
 ROMULUS AND
REMUS WERE
THE TWIN SONS
OF THE GOD
MARS AND
ETRUSCAN KING
S DAUGHTER.
THEY WERE
ABANDONED AS
BABIES IN THE
TIBER RIVER,
AND WERE
RAISED BY A
WOLF. LATER,
WHEN THE
TWINS WERE
ADULTS, THEY
DECIDED TO
FOUND A CITY.
BUT THEY HAD A
DISAGREEMENT,
AND ROMULUS
KILLED REMUS.
ROMULUS
CALLED TH NEW
ANCIENT ROME
TIMELINE
 THE ORIGINS OF
ROME

THE PEOPLE WHO

LIVED ON THE
ITALIAN PENINSULA
DURING THIS
PERIOD CAME FROM
DIFFERENT ORIGINS

THE ETRUSCANS LIVED

IN THE NORTH AND
CENTRE OF ITALY
THE LATINS LIVED IN
CENTRAL ITALY, WHERE
THEY FOUNDED ROME
THE GREEKS
ESTABLISHED COLONIES
IN THE SOUTH, WHICH
WAS CALLED MAEGNA
GREECE
 THE PATRICIANS
WERE
LANDOWNERS AND
HELD ALL THE
IMPORTANT
POLITICAL
THEPOSITIONS
PLEBEIANS
WERE THE
MAJORITY OF THE
POPULATION. THEY H
WERE FREE BUT IN
THE EARLY SENATORS
REPUBLIC THEY DID AND
NOT HAVE THE PATRICI RULERS OF
SAME POLITICAL ANS THE
RIGHTS AS PLEBEI GOVERNME
PATRICIANS LIBERT ANS NT
SLAVES HAD NO I
RIGHTS. FREED SLAVES
NON
SLAVES, CALLED CITIZENS
LIBERTI, DID NOT
CITIZENS
BECAME CITIZENS
 THE MONARCHY
753 BC-509
BC

EARLY ROME WAS A MONARCHY. THERE WERE

FOUR LATIN KINGS, WHO WERE LATER
FOLLOWED BY THREE ETRUSCAN KINGS. THE
KINGS HELD POLITICAL, MILITARY AND
RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY.

THE ROMANS DEPOSED THE LAST

ETRUSCAN KING IN 509 BC AND
ESTABLISHED A NEW SYSTEM OF
GOVERNMENT: THE REPUBLIC
 ROMAN REPUBLIC
509 BC
27 BC

CENSOR
CONTROLLED
CONSUL PRAETOR THE
LED THE ARMY PROMOTION OF
SUPERVISED
AND CALLED THE PATRICIANS TO
JUSTICE
ASSEMBLY STATE

MAGISTRATES
HAD POWER OVER
POLITICS, JUSTICE AND
TAXATION
ELECT
ED
COMITIA
ELECTED
MAGISTRATES AND
SENATE APPROVED LAWS
TRIBUNE OF
THE MOST
IMPORTANT THE
INSTITUTION IN PLEBEIANS
THE REPUBLIC. IT DEFENDED THE
FORME
COULD DECLARE RIGHTS OF THE
D
WAR PLEBEIANS
ENTERED GOVERNMENT PLEBEIANS EXCLUDED FROM THE
PATRICIANS SENATE
 ROMAN REPUBLIC
509 BC 27
BC
THE EXPANSION OF
ROME
THE EXPANSION OF
ROME ROME UNIFIED THE ITALIAN PENINSULA
ROME CONQUERED MANY (5TH-3TH CENTURIES BC)
NEW TERRITORIES UNDER
THE REPUBLIC IN THE THREE PUNIC WARS ROME
FOUGHT AGAINST CARTHAGE FOR
THE MAIN STAGES OF CONTROL OF THE EASTERN
THIS TERRITORIAL
MEDITERRANEAN TAKING ITS ISLANDS
EXPANSION WERE THE
FOLLOWING
IN THE MACEDONIAN WARS THE
ROMAN GAINED THE WESTERN
MEDITERRANEAN

FROM THE THE 2ND CENTURY BC, THE

ROMANS EXPANDED IN THE WEST,
WHERE THEY GAINED CONTROL OF THE
IBERIAN PENINSULA AND GAUL
AFTER ALL THESE CONQUESTS,
A RE U
ROMA CONTROLLED THE ENTIRE M TR
MEDITERRANEAN, WHICH WAS OS
CALLED
N M
 THE ROMAN
EMPIRE
AS A RESULT OF ITS
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION,
ROME HAD A GREATER
POPULATION AND IT
INCREASED WEALTH AND
TRADE 1 THREE GENERALS: JULIUS CAESAR,
BUT THE WARS ALSO POMPEY AND CRASSUS RULED AS A
CAUSED SOCIAL TRIUMVIRATE BEFORE JULIUS CAESAR
CONFLICTS, BECAUSE BECAME A DICTATOR
FARMERS HAD TO LEAVE
THEIR FARMS TO SERVE
IN ARMY
AS THE REPUBLIC WEAKENED,
2 AFTER CAESAR ASSASINATION, THREE
MORE GENERALS, OCTAVIAN, MARK
ARMY GENERALS ACQUIRED ANTHONY AND LEPIDUS, CREATED A
THE REAL POWER SECOND TRIUMVIRATE

3 BUT OCTAVIAN DEFEATED THE OTHERS

AND WAS DECLARED EMPEROR
AGUSTUS IN 27 BC
 IMPERIAL
GOVERNMENT
MANY INSTITUTIONS, SUCH
AS THE SENATE,
1 THE EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED INTO
PROVINCES. THESE WERE RULED BY
CONTINUED TO EXIST GOVERNORS
UNDER THE EMPIRE

HOWEVER, THE 2 THE R0MAN FRONTIER, OR LIMES, WAS

EMPEROR NOW HAD DEFENDED BY A LONG LINE OF
SUPREME AUTHORITHY FORTIFICATIONS

IN THE FIRST AND SECOND

CENTURIES AD, THE ROMAN 3 INSIDE THE EMPIRE, THE CONQUERED
EMPIRE EXPANDED ITS PEOPLE WERE STRONGLY ROMANISED
FRONTIERS, AND THERE WAS AND ADOPTED ROMAN CUSTOMS,
LITTLE SOCIAL DISORDER. THIS BELIEFS AND LANGUAGE
PERIDO OF STABILITIY WAS THEY BECAME
ROMAN CITIZENS
KNOWN AS
PAX AFTER THE
ROMAN EMPERIAL LAW OF
212 AD
A
MAP OF THE ROMAN
 ROMAN
SOCIETY
FAMILY LIFE
WEALTHY FAMILIES
HAD SLAVES AND FREE
SERVANTS

THE FATHER OR PATER

FAMILIAS, WAS HEAD OF THE
FAMILY

WOMEN HAD NO POLITICAL RIGHTS

ONLY THE CHILDREN OF

WEALTHY FAMILIES RECEIVED
AN EDUCATION
BOTH GIRLS AND
BOYS WERE
EDUCATED AT HOME,
OFTEN BY GREEK
TEACHERS
 ROMAN
SOCIETY
FOOD
THE MAIN MEAL WAS
THE CENAE, OR
EVENING MEAL

WEALTHY PEOPLE ATE MEAT,

FISH, VEGETABLES AND FRUIT,
AND DRANK WINE
POOR PEOPLE ATE CEREALS MIXED
WITH WATER AND FAT AND SOMETIMES
ATE FRUIT

PATRICIANS USED TO ENJOY

NICE MEALS THAT LASTED
HOURS THEY WERE
SERVED AT
TRICLINIA
 ROMAN
SOCIETY
CLOTHING
WEALTHY PEOPLE
WORE A TUNIC, WHICH
WAS COVERED WITH A
TOGA

FOR WOMEN THE TUNIC WAS

COVERED WITH A STOLA

ROMAN WOMEN GAVE GREAT

IMPORTANCE TO THEIR HAIR AND
OFTEN WORE DECORATIONS IN IT.
IT CAN BE EASILY SEEN IN
SCULPTURES AND PAINTINGS
 THE
ECONOMY
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE SLAVE ECONOMY
It the main economic Some regions specialised
activity. The Romans in one product, so a lot of
grew many types of corn was grown in Egypt,
products, including olives in Hispania and
cereals, olives and vines in Gaul.
vines
CRAFTWORK
CRAFTWORK

It was carried out in

workshops, where
slaves were used
MINES

They belonged to the

MINES

state, and were rented

to wealthy people.
TRADE
TRADE

They used slave labour It was helped by the

stability of the Empire,
the use of the Roman
currency, and an
excellent road system
 THE
ECONOMY
ROMAN CITIES
ROMAN CITIES WERE CENTRES
OF ROMANISATION. THEY
HELPED TO SPREAD ROMAN
CULTURE THROUGHOUT THE They had two main
EMPIRE
streets: the cardo
CITIES HAD A GRID
(North to South), and
SYSTEM, SIMILARA TO
A MILITARY CAMP
the decumanus (East
to West)
THE FORUM WAS THE CENTRAL
SQUARE WHERE THE TWO
STREETS CROSSED.
POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TOOK
PLACE THERE
ROMAN CITIES
THERE WERE MANY TYPE OF
BUILDINGS

PUBLIC BUILDINGS THERE WERE PUBLIC BATHS

INCLUDED BASILICAS, TEMPLES TO WERE ALSO
WHERE JUSTICE WAS GODS AND MEETING
ADMINISTERED GODDESSES PLACES
THERE WERE
ALSO
BUILDINGS FOR
ENTERTAINMEN
T

GLADIATOR COMBATS
TOOK PLACE IN
AMPHITHEATRES
CHARIOT RACES IN
CIRCUSES
THERE WERE SHOWS IN
THEATRES
 BUILDINGS FOR
ENTERTAINMENT

AMPHITHEATRE CIRCUS THEATRE

 OTHER
BUILDINGS

TEMPLE ARCH
PRIVATE HOUSES There were two main
type of private houses

INSULAE
They were shared buildings
with many small apartments.
There were often shops and
workshops on the ground
floor
DOMUS
This type was a house for
a single wealthy family. Its
rooms surrounded an
atrium or indoor courtyard
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
IN MANY WAYS, ROMAN ARCHITECTURE WAS LIKE GREEK
ARCHITECTURE, BUT THERE WERE SOME IMPORTANT
DIFFERENCES

ROMAN ARCHICTECTURE WAS

MONUMENTAL, AND ON A
LARGER SCALE THAN GREEK
ARCHITECTURE
THE ROMANS HAD VERY
PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES.
THEY CARRIED OUT GREAT
GREAT ENGINEERING WORKS
LIKE AQUEDUCTS, ROADS AND
BRIDGES

UNLIKE THE GREEKS, THE

ROMANS USED ARCHES AND
VAULTS
THEY USED STONE FOR
THEY INVENTED NEW ORDERS, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS,
AS WELL AS USING THE GREEK AS DID THE GREEKS. ALSO
ORDERS BRICK AND CEMENT
 ROMAN SCULPTURE

MANY WORKS OF ART WERE COPIES OF GREEK ORIGINALS.

THANKS TO THAY WE HAVE THOSE MASTERPIECES

ROMANS CREATED MORE REALISTIC

PORTRAITS THAN THE GREEKS, AND
WERE LESS INTERESTED IN IDEAL EQUESTRIAN STATUES WERE USED TO
BEAUTY HONOUR EMPERORS AND GENERALS

THEY ALSO CREATED RELIEFS, WHICH

SHOWED IMPORTANT EVENTS.

MARCUS
ESTATUA AURELIUS
TROJANS
BARBERINI
COLUMN
PAINTINGS AND MOSAICS
PAINTINGS
DECORATED THE
WALLS OF PALACES
AND THE HOUSES OF
WEALTHY PEOPLE.
MOST OF THE
TECHNIQUE WAS
DONE USING THE
SECCO OR DRY
METHOD, ALTHOUGH
SOME PAINTINGS DID
USE THE FRESCO
METHOD.
THE MAIN
INNOVATION OF
ROMAN PAINTING
COMPARED TO GREEK
ART WAS THE
INTRODUCTION OF IN
THEIR DRAWINGS
MOSSAICS THEY WERE MADE O
TINY SQUARE PIECES
OF STONE, GLASS OR
TILE. THEY
DECORATED FLOORS
WITH SCENES
SHOWING DAILY LIFE,
WAR OR RELIGION
ROMAN RELIGION ROMAN RELIGION WAS
POLITHEISTIC. MANY ROMAN
GODS AND GODDESSES WERE
ORIGINALLY GREEK, AND
THE ROMANS WORSHIPPED THE RECEIVED LATIN NAMES
LARES AND PENATES, WHO WERE
HOUSEHOLD GODS. THEY ALSO
BELIEV ED IN THE MANES, WHO
WERE THE SPIRITS OF THEIR
ANCESTORS. THEY WERE SUPERSTITIOUS AND
CONSULTED THE GODS BEFORE THEY
TOOK IMPORTANT DECISIONS. SOME
EMPERORS WERE CONSIDERED GODS,
ADN TEMPLES WERE BUILT IN THEIR
HONOUR
 THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
THE WARS AGAINST THE

POLITICS
GERMANIC PEOPLE INCREASED
IN THE 3RD CENTURY THE INFLUENCE OF THE ARMY.
AD, THE ROMAN EMPIRE THE EMPEROR BEGAN TO RELY
ENTERED A CRISIS MORE ON , WHO WER NOT
UNDER HIS CONTROL

THE ROMAN EXPANSION HAD

ECONOM
ENDED, THERE WERE FEWER
SLAVES TO WORK IN MINING

Y
AND AGRICULTURE. THERE
WAS A FALL IN PRODUCTION
AND TRADE
URBAN LIFE DECLINED. THE
EMPIRE INCREASED TAXES,

SOCIETY
AND MANY PEOPLE LEFT THE
CITIES BECAUSE THEY COULD
NOT PAY THEM. THEY WENT TO
WORK ON VILLAS (COUNTRY
HOMES FOR RICH PEOPLE
THAT BECOME FARMS)
 CHRISTIANITY
DURING THE 3RD CENTURY
IN THE 1ST CENTURY AD, CHRISTIANITY SPREAD
AD, THE FOLLOWERS THROUGH THE EMPIRE. THE
OF JESUS OF CHRISTIANS REFUSED TO
NAZARETH FOUNDED WORSHIP THE EMPEROR OR
CHRISTIANITY SERVE IN THE ROMAN ARMY.
THEY WERE PERSECUTED,
THIS WAS A
AND PRACTISED THEIR
MONOTHEISTIC
RELIGION IN PRIVATE HOMES,
RELIGION, SO
OR UNDERGROUND
CHRISTIANS BELIVIED
PASSAGEWAYS CALLED
IN ONLY ONE GOD
ACCORDING TO CATACOMBS
CHRISTIANITY,
IN 313 AD, THE EMPEROR
PEOPLE SHOULD
CONSTANTINE ALLOWED
LOVE EACH OTHER,
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. IN
AND WOULD
380 AD, THE EMPEROR
RECEIVE ETERNAL
THEODOSIUS MADE
LIFE IF THEY
CHRISTIANITY THE
FOLLOWED THEIR
OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE
RELIGION
EMPIRE
 THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS
FROM THE 3RD
CENTURY AD, THE ROMANS CALLED
THERE WERE THESE PEOPLE
MANY BARBARIANS, OR
INVASIONS BY FOREIGNERS
GERMANIC THEIR MIGRATIONS WERE
PEOPLE CAUSED BY: THE
PRESSURE
POPULATION FROM OTHER
GROWHT, PEOPLE
WHICH MADE FURTHER EAST,
THEM LOOK WHICH FORCED
THE WESTERN FOR NEW THEM TO
ROMAN EMPIRE AREAS TO MIGRATE
ENDEND IN THE SETTLE TOWARDS THE
5TH CENTURY ROME WAS NOW TOO WEAK
WEST AND
(476 AD WITH TO RESIST, SO ROMAN
SOUTH
ROMULUS EMPERORS MADE A SERIES
AUGUSTUS) OF AGREEMENTS WITH
GERMAN CHIEFTAINS. THEY
OFFERED THEM SOME
LANDS
THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS
 THE BIZANTINE EMPIRE

IN 395 AD THE EMPEROR THEODOSIUS DIVIDED THE ROMAN

EMPIRE BETWEEN HIS TWO SONS. ROME REMAINED THE CAPITAL
THE OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE AND CONSTANTINOPLE BECAME
EASTERN
EMPIRE CAPITAL OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE
SURVIVED THE
INVASIONS AND
BECAME KNOWN
AS THE
BYZANTINE
EMPIRE.
BYZANTIUM WAS
THE NAME OF A
GREEK COLONY
WHERE THE
CONSTANTINOP
BYZANTINE
LE WAS CIVILISATION WAS INFLUENCED BY
GREEK
FOUNDED AND ROMAN CULTURE, AND GREEK WAS
ITS OFFICIAL LANGUAGE. UNDER EMPEOR
JUSTINIAN (527-565 AD) BYZANTIUM
RECONQUERED PART OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE