Professional Documents
Culture Documents
suitable for
intravenous
injection.
1. Dye test
2. Dilution test
3. Electrical conductivity measurements
4. Filter paper test
Thermodynamic instability
G = . A
Increase in the surface free energy =
interfacial tension X increased surface area
Mechanism of emulsification
Monomolecular theory
Surfactants
Reduce interfacial tension
Forms a protective film around globule
Ionic surfactant exert repulsion between
globules
Mechanism
Multimolecular theory
Hydrocolloids form multimolecular
physical barrier around globules there by
prevent coalescence of oil globules
Acacia, gelatin
Solid particle adsorption theory
Physical Instability
Creaming: Concentration of globules at the top or bottom of
emulsion.
Reversible process but leads to breaking
Influenced by: Stokes equation
V = h = d2st (so) g
t 18o
-globule size
-Viscosity of dispersion medium
-Difference in the densities of dispersed and dispersion
medium
Creaming of Emulsions
Droplets larger than 1 m may settle preferentially to the top or
the bottom under gravitational forces.
Creaming is an instability but not as serious as coalescence or
breaking of emulsion
Probability of creaming can be reduced if
4 3
a gH kT
3
a - droplet radius, - density difference,
g - gravitational constant, H - height of the vessel,
Stoke-Einsteins Equation
(f) Temperature
Temperature , usually emulsion stability
Temp affects Interfacial tension, D, solubility of surfactant,
Brownian motion, viscosity of liquid, phases of interfacial film.
Preparation of emulsion
Dry gum method
Wet gum method
Bottle method
Selection of Emulsifiers
Correlation between chemical structure of surfactants and
their emulsifying power is complicated because
(i) Both phases oil and water are of variable compositions.
(ii) Surfactant conc. determines emulsifier power as well as the
type of emulsion.
Basic requirements:
1. Good surface activity
2. Ability to form a condensed interfacial film
3. Appropriate diffusion rate (to interface)
General Guidelines:
3. More polar the oil phase, the more hydrophilic the emulsifier
should be. More non-polar the oil phase more lipophilic the
emulsifier should be.
General Guidelines