EYE DISORDERS DUE TO

TROPICAL DISEASES

dr. Masitha Dewi Sari, SpM

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 SYSTEMIC BACTERIAL
INFECTIONS AND THE EYE

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BRUCELLOSIS ( MEDITERRANEAN FEVER )
CAUSE : GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
( Brucella abortus, B melitensis
Or B suis )

EYE COMPLICATIONS
- Uveitis ( chronic & granulomatous )
- Iridocyclitis (keratic precipitates with cells and
circulating proteins in the anterior chamber)
- Keratitis (epithelial opacities)
- Optic neuritis (rare)

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- EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES
(Local Inflammation Or Sixth Cranial Nerve
Paralysis Basal Meningoencephalitis )

DIAGNOSIS
Serological test
Isolation of organism from blood, urine, pus

MANAGEMENT
- Topical mydriasis/cycloplegia (anterior
uveitis)atropine sulfate 1%
- Topical corticosteroid

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TULARAEMIA
CAUSE : Gram negative bacillus,
Pasteurella tularensis (francisella tularensis)
Systemic disease & its transmission from
animal (rabbits)

EYE COMPLICATIONS (Occur when the organism

penetrates the conjunctivaup to 2 weeks)
Itching, photosentivity, pain, redness,
Chemosis (conjunctival oedema)
Parinauds oculoglandular syndrome

TREATMENT Systemic Treatment

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TUBERCULOSIS
CAUSE : Mycobacterium tuberculosis

EYE COMPLICATIONS
- Eyelid Scarring And Corneal Exposurelupus
Vulgaris
- Papillary conjunctivitis
- Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitishypersensitivity
Reaction To The Tuberculoprotein (Smallyellow/Pink
Nodules On The Corneoscleral Margin)
- Interstitial keratitis
- Scleritis (Anterior) Or (Posterior)thickening Of
Sclera Due To Granuloma Formation

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- IRIDOCYCLITIS :
Granulomatous, Large Keratic Precipitates (Mutton
Fat Keratic Precipitates),and Small White Nodules At
The Pupil Margin Or On The Iris Stroma (Koeppe
Nodules)
- CHOROIDITIS
- PANUVEITIS
- OPTIC NEURITIS
- PERIPHLEBITIS RETINAE (DEVELOPING COUNTRIES)

MANAGEMENT
Topical Corticosteroid ( Phlycten Respon )

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MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
CAUSED : Gram Negative N. meningitidis

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Cranial Nerves Involvement Extra Ocular
Imbalance
Encephalitis + Optic Neuritispostneuritic Atrophy
Conjunctivitis
Anterior Uveitis
Loss Of Vision (Cortical Blindness)

MANAGEMENT
Local inflammation should be treated
Appropriately

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DIPTHERIA
CAUSE : Corynebacterium diphtheriae

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Membranous conjungtivitis with eyelid oedema,
discharge and local lymph node enlargement
Corneal ulceration

MANAGEMENT
Diphtheria antitoxins
Penicilliin or erythromycin

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ANTHRAX
CAUSE : B anthracis
Cutaneous anthrax involves the eyelid and periorbital
regions
Infections is by direct contact with contaminated skins
and other animal product, and transmitted by insect

EYELID COMPLICATIONS
Eyelid scarring ectropion

MANAGEMENT
Systemic therapy (penicillin)
Eyelid surgery

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CHOLERA
CAUSE : Bacillus Vibrio cholera

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Severely dehydrated sunken eye
Conjunctivitis
Corneal ulceration and corneal oedema
Severely ill patient ( the eyelids are left open, with
consequent dehydration, exposure keratoconjunctivitis
& corneal ulcer)
Increased risk of cataract ( acute systemic dehydration )

MANAGEMENT
Artificial tears & depend on eye complication

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TYPHOID FEVER
CAUSE : Salmonella typhii (Found In Water,milk,ice-
cream And Other Food)

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Rose Spots ( Conjunctiva )
Cataract ( Dehydration )
Extraocular Muscle & Pupillary Abnormality
( Nervous System )

MANAGEMENT
Systemic therapy
Topical therapy & depends on eye complication

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SPIROCHAETAL DISEASES
AND THE EYE

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SYPHILIS
CAUSE : Treponema pallidum
(Venereal Contact Or Mother To Unborn Child)

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Inflamed eyelid, dacryocystitis, conjunctivitis
Extraocular muscle paresis
Interstitial keratitis (salmon patch
appearance),iridocyclitis, pupil
abnormalities,choroiditis (salt and pepper fundus)
Corneal scarring ( ghost vessels )

MANAGEMENT
Topical corticosteroid, cycloplegic
Page 14
LEPTOSPIROSIS
CAUSED : SPIROCHAETES OF GENUS
LEPTOSPIRA
INFECTED BY CONTACT WITH DOMESTIC OR
WILD ANIMAL (RATS,PIGS,DOGS AND CATTLE)

EYE COMPLICATION
SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HAEMORRHAGES
IRIDOCYCLITIS

MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMIC TREATMENT

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RELAPSING FEVER

CAUSED : SPIROCHAETES BORRELIA DUTTONI

& BORRELIA RECURRENTIS

EYE COMPLICATION
ANTERIOR UVEITIS ( ACUTE & CHRONIC )
RETINA ( HEMORRHAGES AND EXUDATES )
MENINGITIS ( PTOSIS & EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE
ABNORMALITIES )

MANAGEMENT
DEPEND ON EYE COMPLICATION

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YAWS

CAUSED : SPIROCHAETA TREPONEMA PERTENUE

EYE COMPLICATION
CICATRICAL ECTROPION
DESTROY BONE & CARTILAGE ( REGION OF EYE
& ORBIT )

MANAGEMENT
DEPEND ON EYE COMPLICATION

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CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS
AND THE EYE

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TRACHOMA

CAUSE : Chlamydia trachomatis

EYE COMPLICATION
Entropion trichiasis keratitis scar
blindness

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR TRACHOMA

Dry
Dust discharge
Dirty dung
Density ( overcrowding in the home )

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AGENT TRANSMISSION OF THE EYE DISEASE
Flies
Feces
Fomites
Fingers

MANAGEMENT
Epilation
Depend on eye complication

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LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM

CAUSED : CHLAMYDIA ( BEDSONIA )

INITIAL LESION ( GENITAL REGION )

EYE COMPLICATIONS
FOLLICULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS WITH
LYMPHADENOPATHY
KERATITIS, IRIDOCYCLITIS
DILATATION RETINAL VEINS,
RETINAL HAEMORRHAGES & OEDEMA

MANAGEMENT
DEPENT ON EYE COMPLICATION
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RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS
AND THE EYE

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THYPUS

CAUSED : RICKETSIA PROWAZEKI (TICK,MITE OR FLEA

BORNE)

EYE COMPLICATION
CONJUNCTIVITIS + PHOTOSENSITIVITY
SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HAEMORRHAGE
IRIDOCYCLITIS
RETINAL HAEMORRHAGES
OPTIC OEDEM OR ATROPHY

MANAGEMENT
DEPEND ON EYE COMPLICATION
SYSTEMIC THERAPY
Page 23
ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

CAUSE : R rickettsii
Vector: tick,carried by wild rodents and dogs

EYE COMPLICATION
Conjunctivitis
Petechial haemorrhages of bulbar and tarsal
conjunctiva

MANAGEMENT
Systemic therapy
Depend on eye complication

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VIRAL INFECTIONS
AND THE EYE

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MEASLES

CAUSE : Measles Virus (genus Morbillivirus)

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Photosensitivity, watering, red eye
Punctate keratitis
Measles + vitamin deficiency + dehydration
Failure to close eyelid exposure keratitis
corneal ulcer

MANAGEMENT
Topical antibiotic ointment

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RUBELLA

CAUSE : RNA virus of the Arbovirus

group
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Cataract ( virus remains in the lens for
some years after birth )
Congenital glaucoma ( buphthalmos )
Rubella retinopathy, optic atropy
Squint, nystagmus and microphthalmus

MANAGEMENT
Depends on eye complication

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HERPES SIMPLEX

CAUSE : Herpes simplex VIRUS

Herpes simplex ulceration of cornea
tendency to recur
Recurrence may stimulated by : fever, trauma
Ultra violet Exposure, measles and
Psychological factors

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Pain, photosensitivity, watering, red eye
Cornea hypesthesia
Cornea ( dendritic ulcer, geographic ulcer
Uveitis, neovascularization, scar
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MANAGEMENT
Systemic therapy
Antiviral eye ointment
Cycloplegic
Topical corticosteroid
Conjunctival flap or tarsorrhaphy
Corneal graft

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HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS

CAUSE : Herpes zoster is a DNA virus which lies

dormant in sensory
Nerve root ganglia after infection with varicella

EYE COMPLICATIONS
If nasociliary branch of ophthalmic
division of the fifth nerve is affected, with
Vesicles on the side of the nose.
Lid Scarring, Conjunctivitis, Episcleritis,
Scleritis, Keratitis, Neuroparalytic Keratitis
Uveitis, secondary glaucoma, optic neuritis

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HERPES ZOSTER KERATITIS TAKE FORMS in:
Punctate epithelial erosion
Filamentary & disciform keratitis

MANAGEMENT
Rest, analgetics
Topical antiviral ( skin & eye )
Topical cycloplegic
Topical corticosteroid

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VARICELLA
CAUSE : DNA VIRUS IDENTICAL TO HERPES
VIRUS GROUP

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Vesicle on eyelids, conjunctiva &
corneoscleral margin
Keratitis, iridocyclitis
Extraocular muscle, pupil abnormalities,
Optic neuritis & retina can be involved

MANAGEMENT
Depend on eye complication, antibiotic
Ointment prevent secundary infection
Page 32
MUMPS

Acute fever associated with parotitis

Involving orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis

EYE COMPLICATION
Dacryoadenitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis,
Scleritis, retinitis & optic neuritis

MANAGEMENT
Depend on eye complication
Analgetic

Page 33
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM

CAUSED : DNA pox virus

TYPICAL LESION : Papule with central
umbilicus

EYE COMPLICATION
Lesion on eyelid, conjunctivitis, keratitis

MANAGEMENT
Depends on eye complication
Curetting lesion, chemical cautery

Page 34
CYTOMEGALO VIRUS

Associated with AIDS / HIV

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Uveitis, Retinal Oedema & Necrosis
Retinitis With Haemorrhages, Vitreous Opacity
Optic Atrophy, Chorioretinitis
Cataract, Microphthalmos
Pregnancy Woman Result Abnormality
Ocular In The Fetus

Page 35
BURKITTS LYMPHOMA

CAUSE : Epstein- Barr Virus

EYE COMPLICATION
Cranial nerve palsy can involve eyelid

MANAGEMENT
Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy

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HIV / AIDS

CAUSE : Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS IS MARKER FOR HIV

CLINICAL STAGE OF DISEASE AND

OCULAR COMPLICATION
GROUP 1
ASYMPTOMATIC / GENERALIZED LYMPHADENOPATHY
GROUP 2
HZO, PAPILLOMATA, M CONTAGIOSUM
GROUP 3
HIV-RELATED RETINOPATHY
Page 37
GROUP 4
AIDS, CMV RETINITIS,
Cryptococcal meningitis, kaposi sarcoma

Eyelids have multiple warts or umbilicated

Papules of m contagiosum, both suggestive
Of hiv / aids infections

HIV RELATED RETINOPATHY

Abnormalities of small vessels of retina,
Cotton wool spot, small haemorrhagic
Microaneurysm, telangiectasis

Page 38
AIDS AND CMV RETINITIS
Haemorrhage retinal necrosis
Ketchup ( tomato sauce ) on cottage cheese

Severe progressive ( bilateral ) and if no

Treatment is provided the whole retina may
Be destroyed

Patient with syphilis should be tested for HIV

Page 39
HIV / AIDS AND TBC
TBC reactivated in presence of HIV infection
Massive choroidal invasion may lead to
Secondary retinal necrosis and blindness

HIV / AIDS AND TUMORS

Kaposi sarcoma and b cell lymphoma

TUMOR CAN BE EXCISED FOCAL RADIATION THERAPY

Page 40
FUNGAL INFECTIONS
AND THE EYE

Page 41
FUNGI

FUNGI :
1. Filamentous fungi
2. Yeast
3. Dimorphic fungi

Fungi causing eye infections are commonly

filamentous fungi & yeast

Oculomycoses particularly in country with hot and

humid climates

Page 42
DIFFICULTIES IN MANAGEMENT OF
OCULOMYCOSES RELATED TO PROBLEM
IN DIAGNOSIS AND INADEQUATE RESOURCE
OF ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS

EXAMPLE
Fungal corneal ulcer is suggested by dry,
slowly worsening, stromal infiltrate and
multifocal lesions, particularly if the ulcer
fails to respond to antibiotic treatment

THESE SIGNS ARE NOT CONSISTENTLY PRESENT

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ASPERGILLOSIS

Genus Aspergillus is common in warm and humid

climates which can lead on
To ocular involvement with extraocular
Muscle palsies

Intracerebral abscess formation can cause eye

complication due to space-occupying lesion

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FUSARIOSIS

May cause suppurative keratitis with or without

hypopion

Corneal scar when area infection heals

Later corneal grafting may be indicated

Page 45
CANDIDIASIS

Commonly found in mouth, throat and vulva

May affect the eyelid, lacrimal system, conjunctiva and

cornea

Often infected follow injury to the eye, whether

accidental or surgical

Page 46
CRYPTOCOCCOCIS

Cryptococcis neoformans yeast

May have systemic effect

mycotic corneal ulceration + hypopion

Endogenous spread through bloodstream results
in involvement of anterior and posterior uvea
Infection of meninges may raised intra-cerebral pressure
with ocular papilloedema or atrophy
Cranial nerve abnormalities also occur

Page 47
BLASTOMYCOSIS

Blastomycosis dermatidis is found in

US and Africa
And affect the skin, lung, meninges

Characterized by suppurative granulomatous lesion

which may be found in eyelid

The orbit, lacrimal canaliculi, conjunctiva and cornea may

be affected

Page 48
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

Coccidioidomycosis immitis begin with

inhalation of organism causing pneumonitis

Eye involvement can include hypersensitive

response manifesting as phlyctenularis conjunctivitis

Eyelids and intraocular involvement has

been recorded, causing posterior uveitis

Endophthalmitis can occur

Page 49
HISTOPLASMOSIS

CAUSE : Histoplasmosis capsulatum

Histoplasmosis predilection for the posterior uvea and

characterized lesions are multifocal atrophic
choroidal and disciformis macular changes

If subretinal neovascular membrane forms, treat with

argon laser

Page 50
TREATMENT OF FUNGAL INFECTION

ANTIFUNGAL AGENT
Natamycin 5 % eye drops most effective against
filamens fungi including Aspergillus and Fusarium
Amphotericin-B
Triazoles

Page 51
DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA

Page 52
TOXOPLASMOSIS

CAUSE: Toxoplasma gondii

Congenital toxoplasmosis with infection
of fetus during pregnancy
EYE COMPLICATIONS
blur, photosensitivity, floaters
toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis
squint & nystagmus
lesions may be multifocal, although the
final punched out scar may be seen.
acute phase the foci of inflammation are
fluffy white with hazy margins.
vitritis, macular oedema, iridocyclitis
Page 53
LEISHMANIASIS

CAUSE : PARASITES GENUS Leishmania

transmitted by insect (sandfly )

EYE COMPLICATIONS
visceral leishmaniasis kala azar
retinal haemorrhagic, bilateral
iridocyclitis
keratitis

Page 54
2. CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS
Has been described as tropical sore,
mucocutaneus leishmaniasis and
disseminated cutaneus leishmaniasis

Commonly affect eyelids, occasional

involvement lacrimal / conjunctiva
Cutaneus lesion : ulcer, papules, nodules

Skin involvement leaves scar

Page 55
AMOEBIASIS

CAUSE : Entamoeba histolyca

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Cyst in region of macula with associated
small retina haemorrhagic and disturbance
of retinal pigmen epitelium

Page 56
GIARDIASIS

CAUSED : Giardia lamblia

EYE COMPLICATIONS
anterior and posterior uveitis
iridocyclitis, choroiditis
retina dan subretinal haemorrhage
macular disturbance

MANAGEMENT
Systemic treatment

Page 57
AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS (SLEEPING SICKNESS)

CAUSE : Trypanosoma brucei gambiense &

t b rhodesiense
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Eyelid oedema, conjunctival redness,
Photosensitivity, interstitial keratitis, iridocyclitis
Meningoencephalopathy ( ptosis, optic neuritis,
papiloedema, extraocular mucle involvement )

Page 58
AMERICAN TRYPANOMIASIS (CHAGAS DISEASE)

CAUSED : T cruzi ( insect bite )

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Eyelid oedem, unilateral ( romanas sign )
Lacrimal gland involvement (inflammation)
Granulomatous uveitis (in a premature child)

MANAGEMENT
Depends on eye complication

Page 59
MALARIA

CAUSED : PLASMODIUM FALCIFARUM, VIVAX

OVALE AND MALARIAE

EYE COMPLICATION
RETINAL HAEMORRHAGIC / EXUDATE
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE PARESE, OPTIC NEURITIS,
CORTICAL BLINDNESS (DUE TO BRAIN DAMAGE)

CHLOROQUIN EFFECT ( DAMAGE CENTRAL RETINA)

BULLS EYE MACULOPATHY.

TREATMENT : MALARIA TREATMENT

Page 60
PNEUMOCYSTOSIS

CAUSE : Pneumocystis carinii currently categorized

as fungus (previously a protozoa)

EYE COMPLICATION
Cotton- wool spot (fluffy whitish foci in the retina)
Choroiditis

MANAGEMENT
Systemic treatment with trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine

Page 61
DISEASES CAUSED
BY NEMATODES

Page 62
 ONCHOCERCIASIS

Caused by Onchocerca volvulus

Vectorsimulium blackfly (breeds in
rivers)
commonly known as river blindness
typically affects young men

Page 63
 EYE COMPLICATIONS

bilateral involvement
microfilariae may be seen circulating in the
aqueous fluids
eye inflammations can affect both anterior
and posterior eye

Page 64
 1. SNOWFLAKE AND
PUNCTATE KERATITIS
WHITE-GREY SPOTS IN THE
SUPERFICIAL CORNEA (INDICATE
DEAD MICROFILARIAE
RED EYE WITH PHOTOSENSITIVITY
AND WATERING
THERAPY : TOPICAL
CORTICOSTEROID

Page 65
 2. SCLEROSING KERATITIS

ONE OF THE COMMON

INFLAMMATORY
FEATURESBLINDNESS
SCLEROSING KERATITISCORNEAL
OPACITYCORNEAL SCAR
NO SPESIFIC TREATMENT

Page 66
 IRIDOCYCLITIS

REDUCED VISION
PUPIL DRAWN DOWNACCUMULATED
DEAD MICROFILARIAE
CATARACT CAN OCCUR
THERAPY: TOPICAL MYDRIATIC AND
CYCLOPLEGIC AND CATARACT
REMOVAL

Page 67
 OPTIC NEURITIS AND
CHOROIDORETINITIS

OPTIC NERVE ATROPHY (PALE AND

WHITE OPTIC )
CHOROIDORETINAL ATROPHY
NO TREATMENT

Page 68
THELAZIASIS

CAUSED : THELAZIA CALLIPAEDA (TRANSMISSION

BY FLIES)

EYE COMPLICATION
IRRITATION, WATERING, PAIN
THE WORM MAY BE SEEN IN CONJUNCTIVA SAC

MANAGEMENT
WORM PRESENT ON THE SURFACE CONJUNCTIVA
CAN BE REMOVED WITH LOCAL ANESTHESIA

Page 69
TOXOCARIASIS

CAUSE : Toxocara canis

EYE COMPLICATIONS
ocular larva migrans present eye problem
( squint / leukocoria )
intraretinal larva may be seen on funduscopy
keratitis, iridocyclitis, endophthalmitis
retinal detachment & optic neuritis

MANAGEMENTS
Eye inflamation topical corticosteroid
Depends on eye complication
Page 70
LOIASIS

CAUSED : FILARIAL HELMINTH LOA LOA

EYE COMPLICATION
PRESENT WORM UNDER CONJUNCTIVA
REDNESS, DISCOMFORT
EYELID OEDEM ( CALABAR SWELLING )
PRESENT WORM IN ANTERIOR CHAMBER
UVEITIS, RETINOPATHY

MANAGEMENT
SURGICAL REMOVAL

Page 71
BRANCROFTIAN AND BRUGIAN FILARIASIS

CAUSE : Wuchereria bancrofti

( transmitted by mosquito )

EYE COMPLICATIONS
pain, redness
adult worm isolated in conjunctiva
adult worm has been found at
subretinal, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland
larva can infiltrate to anterior chamber,
iris, lens, capsule, retina and choroid

MANAGEMENT : surgical
Page 72
DRANCUNCULIASIS

CAUSE : Dracunculus medinensis

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Irritable, watering eye, swelling of conjunctiva
Orbital involvement
Worm often emerge through the skin

MANAGEMENT
Remove worm surgically

Page 73
TRICHINOSIS

CAUSE : larvae of Trichinella spiralis

( uncooked meat : pork )

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Bilateral eyelid oedema, pain, blur
Photosensitivity
Retinal haemorrhages, optic neuritis / oedem

MANAGEMENTS
Systemic treatment
Topical cyclopegic. Topical corticosteroid
Sweling reduced with cold compresses
Page 74
GNATHOSTOMIASIS

CAUSED : Gnathostoma spinigerum

inflammation caused by larva
( hipersensitivity reaction with tissue )

EYE COMPLICATIONS
eyelid, anterior / intra ocular tissue
corneal ulcer, uveitis ( worm anterior )
worm in posterior segments ( cataract, glaucoma,
retina )

MANAGEMENT
Surgical removal of worm
Page 75
ANGIOSTRONGYLIASIS

CAUSE : Angiostrongylus cantonensis

EYE COMPLICATIONS
adult worm ( anterior chamber, vitreous,
retina )
pain, blepharospasme, iridocyclitis
retinal pigment disturbance /detachment
optic neuritis

MANAGEMENT
Surgical removal
Topical corticosteroid, topical atropine
Page 76
DISEASES CAUSED
BY CESTODES

Page 77
CYSTICERCOSIS

CAUSE : Taenia solium CYSTICERCI

EYE COMPLICATIONS
pain, double vision, blur, flash of light
cysticerci occur in anterior segment and
other eye tissue
found in posterior segment ( vitreous,
subretinal )

MANAGEMENT
Surgical removal
Systemic therapy
Page 78
ECHINOCOCCOSIS

CAUSE : Echinococcus granulosis

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Proptosis
Conjunctival chemosis, keratitis exposure

MANAGEMENT
Surgical removal of orbital cyst
Systemic therapy

Page 79
SPARGANOSIS

CAUSE : larva genus Spirometra

EYE COMPLICATIONS
Pain, eyelid oedem, watering, irritation
Worm found subconjunctivally / retrobulbar
Larva found at anterior chamber

MANAGEMENT
Surgical removal

Page 80
DISEASE CAUSED
BY TREMATODES

Page 81
PARAGONOMIASIS

CAUSE : genus Paragonimus

EYE COMPLICATION
Severe pain
Uveitis, vitreous and retinal haemorrhage
Immature worm caused anterior segment
inflammations with hypopion

MANAGEMENT
Removal of ocular worm

Page 82
SCHISTOSOMIASIS

CAUSE : S japonicum, S mansoni,

S haematobium (most frequent)

EYE COMPLICATION
Egg granulomas found on conjunctiva, choroid, lacrimal
gland
S mansoni adult has been found ant chamber
Uveitis, retinal haemorrhages

MANAGEMENT
Depends on eye complication

Page 83
DISEASE CAUSED
BY ARTHROPODS

Page 84
MYIASIS

LARVA MAY CAUSE OCULAR MYIASIS

EYE COMPLICATION
REDNESS WITH IRRITATION, DISCHARGE
UVEITIS

MANAGEMENT
REMOVAL SURGERY
TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROID (INTERNAL OCULAR
MYASIS)

Page 85
THANK YOU

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