Turbomachinery

Class 12

1
 Turbine
Compressor

2
 Compressor Turbine

p / 1 / p 1
c c
T T

1 1 p


c 1
T 1
a c a T
1 1

T 1

c 1
p

3
 U 2CU 2 U1CU 1
h0 Cp T02 T01
gJ

Wu 2 Wu1 1 Cx
R tan 2 tan 1
2U 2U
W2 W 2 C2
h0 R h h0
2 gJ 2 gJ
/ 1
P02 Ri U 2 U1
2 2
1
P01R 2 gJC pT01R

4
 Radial Inflow Turbines

Radial turbines largely used in power system

applications
Primitive design, easy to fabricate
Capable of large per stage shaft work with
low mass flow rate
Low sensitivity to tip clearance
Bulky / heavy

5
 Low Cost Radial Compressor Ex. 4, p. 83

p01 2.3 bar

T01 378 K
M 1 0.38
1 0
p02 6.1 bar
T02 533.7 K
M 2 0.50
N 42, 000 rpm
1.4

6
 Low Cost Radial Machines
2 Nr1 2 Nr2
U1 263.9mps U2 439.8mps
60 60
T1 f ( M 1 , T01 ) 363.3K a1 382.1
C1 M 1a1 145.2mps W1 U12 C12 220.4mps
C1 Cr1 Cu1 0 W1r C1 220.4mps
Wu1 U1 263.9 1 tan 1 263.9 / 220.4 47.90

p01 2 r1b cos 1

m&1 f ( , M 1 ) 2.29kg / sec
T01
m&1 T02 1
cos 2 2 79.7
p02 2 r2b f ( , M 2 ) 7
 Low Cost Radial Machines

T2 f ( M 2 , T02 ) 462.1K a2 430.9

C2 M 2 a2 379.2mps Cr 2 C2 cos 2 62.4 Wr 2
Cu 2 C2 sin 2 374.0 Wu 2 Cu 2 U 2 65.8
W2 Wr22 Wu22 90.7 mps
2 tan 1 Wu 2 / Wr 2 46.5

m&1 1Cr1 2 r1b

8
Low Cost Turbine Ex. 5 p. 85

9
 Axial vs. Radial Machines

Need to determine what type of turbine is most efficient for application

- function of Ns for both compressors and turbine 10
Need to determine what type of turbine is most efficient for
application
- function of Ns for both compressors and turbine

N m&/ 2 N m&/ 2
Ns
h0ideal
3/ 4 3/ 4

1 /
c pT01 1 p02
p01

11
 Radial Inflow [900 IFR] Turbines
Kinematic view Thermodynamic view

Exit part of rotor (exducer) is

curved to remove most of
tangential component of velocity

Advantage of IFR turbine: efficiency equal to axial turbine, greater

amount of work per stage, ease of manufacture, ruggedness 12
 Radial Flow Turbines
Radial Inflow Turbine with Scroll or Distributor

13
 Radial Flow Turbines
Radial Inflow Turbine Stator/Rotor

14
 Radial Flow Turbines
Radial Inflow Turbine Stator/Rotor [No shroud]

15
 Radial Flow Turbines
Radial Inflow Turbine Scroll
Scroll or distributor
- streamwise decreasing cross flow area
- provide nearly uniform properties at exit

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Radial Flow Turbines

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 Radial Flow Turbines
Scroll Design Principles
Mass balance rVr=constant
Free vortex rV=constant

Vr V cos
V
tan
Vr
r1 r1
Vr 2 Vr1 V 2 V 1
r2 r2
V 2 V 1
tan 2 tan 1
Vr 2 Vr1
18
 Radial Flow Turbines
Radial Inflow Turbine Scroll - Stator

19
 Radial Flow Turbines
Radial Inflow Turbine Impeller

Note
- direction of rotation
- rotor rearward curvature

20
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Nominal Stator / Rotor Design:
Station 1 Inlet to Stator
Station 2 Exit of Stator, Inlet to Rotor
[Radially inward]
Station 3 Exit of Rotor
[Absolute velocity is axial]
Station 4 - Exit of Diffuser

C2 Cm3=C3=Cx3 W3

Cm2=Cr2=W2

U3
U2
Rotor inlet relative velocity is radially inward
- For Zero Incidence at Rotor Inlet, W 2=Cr2 and C2=U2
Rotor exit absolute flow is axial
- For Axial Flow at Rotor Exit, C 3=Cx3 and C3=0

21
 Radial Flow Turbine Design- 900 IFR
For adiabatic irreversible [friction] processes in rotating
components

U 2
U 22 U 32
I horel horel 2 horel 3
2 2 2

From the Alternate Euler Equation:

h0 Rotor
U 2
2 2
2
U 3 W2 W3 C2 C3
2
2 2

2 gJ

and
C W U
2
2 2
2 2
2 W C U
3
2 2
3
2
3
22
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
substituting:

h0 Rotor
2 2
2 2

C 2 W3 U C 2 U W3 U 2 U 3
2
3
2
2
2 2

2 gJ

Thus from Alternate Eulers Equation :

2
U2
h0 Rotor h01 h03 h02 h03
gJ

23
Specific Speed & Diameter Indicates Flowpath
Shape

N Q1/2 D gH
1
N s US
4
Ds non dim
gH 3/4
Q
1
2
24
Specific Speed Indicates Flowpath Shape
(Cordier Diagram)

From Logan

Ns is dimensionless

From Wright
and Balje
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Example: Dixon 8.1

The rotor of an IFR turbine, designed to operate at nominal

condition,
Diameter is 23.76 cm and rotates at 38,140 rev/min.

At the design point the absolute flow angle at the rotor entry
is 72 deg.

The rotor mean exit diameter is the rotor diameter

The relative velocity at the rotor exit is twice the relative

velocity at the inlet.

26
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Example: Dixon 8.1

Given
D2 23.76 cm
N 38,140 rpm
D3mean D2 / 2 12.88 cm
W3 2W2
2 720 rotor inlet design point flow angle

ND2
U2 38,140 0.2376 / 60 474.5 mps
60
W2 U 2 cot 2 154.17 mps
C2 U 2 / sin 2 498.9 mps
27
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Example: Dixon 8.1

C32 W32 U 32 2 154.17 0.5 474.5 38, 786 m 2 / s 2

2 2

U 22 U 32 U 22 1 0.25 168,863 m 2 / s 2
W32 W22 3W22 71,305 m 2 / s 2
C22 C32 210,115 m 2 / s 2
Examing relative sources of specific work

W h0
U 2
2 U 32 W22 W32 C22 C32
225,142 m 2 / s 2
2
W 0.375(U ) 0.158(W ) 0.476( C ) [% of total ]

Also
W h0 U 22 225,142 m 2 / s 2 28
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Example: Baskharone p. 434-8

0=inlet 1=stator exit 2=rotor inlet 3=rotor exit

Stator / nozzle exit Mach number M1=0.999

m& 4.16 kg / s N 71, 600 rpm 1.33

p00 8.84 bar T0 1205 K stator 0.038 29
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Example: Baskharone p. 434-8

m& 4.16 kg / s N 71, 600 rpm 1.33

p00 8.84 bar T0 1205 K stator 0.038
0=inlet 1=stator exit 2=rotor inlet 3=rotor exit
Stator / nozzle exit Mach number M1=0.999

cp R 1156.7
1
M 1 0.999 T1 1034.4 a1 628.35 C1 590.6
p01 p00 p00
m& T01 R
FP0 f [ M 1 ] 1 73.0
p01 A cos 1

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 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Example: Baskharone p. 434-8 contd
Cr1 C1 cos 1 172.6mps
Cu1 C1 sin 1 564.8mps
In constant area interstage duct, apply free-vortex condition to
flow from stator exit to rotor inlet

Cr 2 Cr1 (r1 / r2 ) 184.8mps

Cu 2 Cu1 (r1 / r2 ) 605.1mps
C2 632.69mps
T2 T02 C22 / 2c p 1032 K
a2 RT2 627.62mps
M 2 1.008
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 From Centrifugal Compressor Notes
Slip: flow does not leave impeller at metal angle [even for inviscid
flow]
If absolute flow enters impeller with no swirl, =0.
If impeller has swirl (wheel speed) , relative to the impeller the
flow has an angular velocity - called the relative eddy [from
Helmholtz theorem].
Effect of superimposing relative eddy and through flow at exit is
one basis for concept of slip.

32
Relative eddy Relative eddy with throughflow
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Static pressure gradient across passage causes streamline to shift flow towards
suction surface
In reality, the incidence to the rotor varies over the pitch of the rotor as:

Cr
2 f 2 ,
U
due to
Potential and wake interaction with the vane.
Relative eddy effect seen at exit of compressor
Effect produces a LE slip factor

This variation over the pitch leads to an

- optimal incidence and P=pressure
- optimal number of blades
where the efficiency of the rotor is a maximum.
S=suction

33
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Rotor Inlet Velocity Triangle (with incidence):
Average relative velocity W and avg. relative incidence 2

C2
W2
CR2=CM2
CU2

U2

If we define an incidence factor, [like slip factor in compressors]:

CU 2

U2 34
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
From the work of Stanitz regarding slip factors:

0.63 2
1 1 where Z=Number of Rotor Blades
Z Z

Note: More Blades, goes to 1 and inflow becomes radial

Then from the rotor inlet velocity triangles, the inlet flow angle to
the rotor is:

2 U2 CM 2
tan 2 where =
Z CM 2 U2

35
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Criteria for the Optimal Number of Blades:

From particle physics analogy

r r dW
F ma f r 2r & 2W
f r
dt
1 p W 1 p
W 2 r and 2W
r r
W
Gets 2r implying that

1 W at given r is not constant across passage p s
2 Wmin W r
2
At r rT if Wmin 0; U T rT and WT rT U T U T
Z
min
UT
Z min 2 2 tan 2 Jamieson model 36
WT
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Criteria for the Optimal Number of Blades:

Optimum blade number balances loading & friction

Rohlick model uses (quantities at the inlet to rotor):

CU 2 Z min 2

U2 Z min
Z min 0.03 2 57 12
2

Jamieson model

Z min 2 tan 2
37
 Radial Flow Turbine Design
Other Correlations for Optimal Number of Blades (Rohlick results
similar to Jamieson):

from Dixon
38
 This is to clarify some of the confusing
notation in Dixon regarding blade count
Stanitz correlation
2U 2 2
tan 2
ZCM 2 Z
uses blade number and flow coefficient to calculate the
relative radial turbine exit flow angle.
Other correlations
uses semi-empirical expressions for calculating the optimum
[minimum] blade count Z for an optimum efficiency design,
where
U 2 Cr 2 tan 2
For such a design the exit flow will be radial [in the absolute
frame], therefore 2=0 and the correlations are in terms of
the corresponding absolute frame air angles [2], e.g.

39
 This is to clarify some of the confusing
notation in Dixon regarding blade count
Jamieson

Z min 2 tan 2
Rohlik

Z min 0.03 2 57 12
2

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