Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CROP PRODUCTION
Crop production can be viewed from two perspectives:
1 at the CROP level
2 at the SYSTEMS level
Y = f [G + E + (G x E)]
where, Y = yield
G = genotype
E = environment
G x E = interaction of genotype and environment
Genotype and Environment
6. Gaseous environment
Carbon dioxide
hardly limiting in crop production except at no or little
air circulation in dense plant populations
critical in enclosed environments like greenhouses
Air pollution
becomes crucial as the world becomes more
industrialized
toxic substances: lead, sulfur dioxide, smog, carbon
monoxide, hydrofluoric acid (HF)
Cloudiness
7. Cloudiness
cloud, including smog and fog, affect the amount of radiation
received by plants. Most of the solar radiation is reflected by
clouds.
clouds are also believed to be responsive for the
GREENHOUSE EFFECT:
- clouds, acting similarly as the glass covering of a greenhouse,
stop the transfer of thermal radiant energy from the earth to the
cold sky thereby slowing down the cooling process of the earth.
- on the global scale air and water molecules present on clouds
trap long-wave radiation and reduce their outward flow to the
space because the shorter wave lengths reaching the earths
surface when re-radiated as longer waves cannot pass through
the clouds as readily as the shorter wavelengths.
CLASSIFICATION OF PHILIPPINE
CLIMATE (Corona Classification)
1. Typhoon
2. Ozone Destruction
3. Global warming
4. El Nio/La Nia
5. Acid rain
6. Lahar
Typhoon
4. EL NIO
What is El Nio?
a periodic ocean warming and atmospheric disturbance
characterized by deficient rainfall or prolonged drought in
some areas, while heavy rains, storms or hurricanes occur
in other areas of the globe
for the past 30 years, the Philippines has been hit by some
seven (7) El Nio episodes.
The 1982-83 episode is rated as the most intense in the
past century
The 1997-98 episode, has comparable intensity bringing
immense damage to Philippine crops, water/electric supply
aside from contributing to poisoning of sea foods (red tide)
El Nio
Origin of El Nio
From the Spanish word meaning Boy child or
Little child
Used to be considered as a local event along
the coasts of Peru and Ecuador - describing
the appearance of warm ocean currents
flowing the South and Central American coasts
around Christmas time - believing that the
temporary heavy harvest of fish was a gift of
the Christ child.
El Nio
El Nio Watch
El Nio occurs in the Pacific Basin
every 2 to 9 years. It usually starts
during the Northern winter (December to
February). Once established, it lasts
until the first half of the following year,
although at times, it stays longer. It
exhibits phase-locking in annual cycles.
El Nio
Effects of El Nio
a. fish kill especially cold water fish
- tuna and milkfish catch declines
b. decrease in yield for most crops
c. human death
Acid rain
5. Acid rain
Sulfur dioxide produces S which is
released from natural sources and
human activities
Oxides of S and water will produce acid
rain
Lahar
6. Lahar
Mt. Pinatubo eruption in the early 1990s
lead to decreased in agricultural
lands resulting to low production
EDAPHIC FACTORS
A. What is soil?
air
water
mineral water (25%)
organic
matter + organisms
Soil as a three-phase system
Physical
Chemical crops
Biological
soil properties
Physical properties
1. Physical Properties
1.1 Soil Texture
- the relative proportion of primary soil particles, i.e., sand,
silt and clay in a particular soil
particle size
sand > .02
silt .02-.002
clay < .002
- soil texture range:
sand loam clay
<10% ~equal >4.5%
clay proportion of sand clay
S, H and clay
Physical properties
blocky
granular
columnar
no structure
Physical properties
Importance:
prevents loss of nutrients by forming complexes with
nutrient elements
facilties absorption and percolation of water into and
through the soil
increases water holding capacity
source of nutrients
improves penetration of roots
influences soil structure formation
influences soil chemical properties may contain N, P, S,
B, Zn
determines the biotic composition
Physical properties
2. Chemical Properties
2.1 Soil pH or soil-reaction
degree of acidity or alkalinity
influences nutrient availability
negative logarithm of H+ activity
7.0 neutral pH (H+ = OH-)
decrease in soil pH acidity
increase in soil pH alkalinity
Chemical Properties
pH Effects
pH below 5.0 Al, Fe & Mn become toxic
Ca & Mo deficiency
pH below 5.5 Mo, Za, K & S deficiency
pH 6-7 (neutral) most nutrients are in
available form
pH above 7.5 Al toxicity, salinity, Zn & Fe
toxicity
pH above 8.0 formation of Ca phosphates
pH above 8.5 salinity, Zn & Fe deficiency
Chemical Properties
Particular me/100g
Humus 600
Good clay (Montmorillonite) 80 to 150
Not good clay (Kaolinite) 3 to 15
Sand 0
Good soil 20 above
Bad soil 5 and below
3. Biological Properties
3.1 Macroscopic organisms
3.2 Microscopic organisms
a. Fungi
b. Actinomycetes and protozoa = decomposers (aerobic)
c. Bacteria (billion/g topsoil)
- Thiobacillus oxidizes S sulfate form
- Auxotrophic bacteria oxidizes Mn & Fe to less
available form
- Nitrifying bacteria
- N fixing bacteria
d. Blue-green algae Nitrogen fixation
Biological Properties
Philippine soils
2.4% OM
high fertility >3.5%
medium 2-3.5%
low <2%
Soil Organisms
Macro - small mammals, insects
Fauna (springtails, ants, beetles, grubs), millipedes,
centipedes, sowbugs, mites, slugs, snails,
earthworms, spiders
Actinomycetes
Benefits from
Earthworms
Burrowing channels for drainage and aeration, entry
of other animals, entry of water, nutrients, roots
Mix the soil, plows the soil
Incorporates crop residues
Contribute to OM
Humus enrichment
Improves soil structure
Control pests (e.g., leaf miner pupa, scub pathogen)
Nutrient recycling
Topography
1.1 Pests
a collective term that includes insect
pests, diseases, weeds, invertebrates and
vertibrates
has always been a major limiting factor in
crop production!
Damage can go as high as 100%!
Genetic Factors
GENETIC FACTORS
Include all factors internal to the plant.
1. Genotype the genetic design of a
plant which dictates the ceiling of how
much a variety/cultivar can yield.
Genome sets the ultimate limit for
plant variation
Genetic factors
5. mango: dwarf
fruit large with thin/small seeds
regular bearer
resistant to major pests and diseases
6. banana: early maturity
high yielding
drought tolerant
resistant to pest and disease
good fruit quality
Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMOs)
the latest development in biotechnology in
relation to crop improvement.
in countries like the USA, Argentina, Canada
and China, transgenic crops have been
commercialized.
global area of transgenic crops in 1999 is
about 39.9 million hectares
transgenic crops: corn, tomato, soybean,
cotton, potato
GMOs
Concerns:
possible transfer of trans gene to other
microorganisms like soil microorganisms
possible effects of products on non target
organisms
possible faster pest adaptation
possible production of allergenic and/or toxic
substances
possible effects of transgenic products
themselves
Human factors
2. Farmers capability
depends on: resources knowledge
most Filipino farmers are resource-poor
our culture is very rich in indigenous
knowledge particularly about farming
3. Management
a result of 1 and 2
goes along with eco-social-political realities