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Spektroskopi :
a)Spektroskopi Molekuler : Teknik yang
digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa
organik dan anorganik dalam spesi
molekuler berdasarkan radiasi ultraviolet,
sinar tampak, infrared
Burner
Lamp
monochromator detector
data
slit
Nebulizer
Test solution
Cara Kerja AAS
6. Sistem pembacaan akan menampilkan data yang dapat dibaca dari grafik
What is a nebulizer?
SAMPLE
AEROSOL
Concentric Tube
Cross-flow
How can we obtain the data?
The intensity of the light
coming through the cathode The intensity of the light is
lamp is measured then again measured and
compared to the first result.
= absorbance
I0 I
T = I/I0
%T = I/I0 x 100%
%A = 100 - %T
A = log 1/T
= -log T
A = .b.C (Lambert-Beer)
Bagian-bagian AAS
1. Sumber sinar
2. Sistem pengatoman (Atomizer)
3. Monokromator
4. Detektor
5. Sistem pembacaan
Picture of a flame atomic-absorption spectrometer
Picture of a graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometer
The Atomic Absorption Spectrometer
Sample Introduction System
Nebuliser
Capillary
Solution
Contoh beberapa unsur dan panjang gelombang spesifiknya
Elemen Panjang
Gelombang
(nm)
Ag (perak) 328,1
Cd (kadmium) 228,8
Cr (kromium) 357,9
Cu (tembaga) 324,8
Fe (besi) 248,3
ATOMISASI DAN EKSITASI
Problem:
Sinar dari lampu katoda diserap oleh oleh atom pengganggu
Pemecahan:
Gunakan lebar celah sesempit mungkin untuk memilahkan
garis spektra tertentu
Gunakan garis spektra sekunder selain garis spektra primer.
2. Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
(AES)
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES) adalah
teknik spektroskopi yang memanfaatkan
panjang gelombang foton yang dipancarkan
oleh atom selama masa transisinya dari fase
eksitasi menuju fase istirahat.
Kurang akurat dan memiliki ketilitian rendah
untuk perhitungan bersifat kuantitatif. Karena
tidak semua atom tereksitasi berelaksasi
pada saat yang bersamaan
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Principle
Each element has different and unique level of emission which helps the
scientist to detect the elements. The frequencies are recorded as light
spectra in the emission spectrometer.
How does AES works?
1. The first step is atomization or excitation. In this solid liquid or solution analyte is
converted into gaseous atom. The sample is then made excited and the excitation
in emission spectrometer can be thermal or electrical, but often takes the form of
electromagnetic radiation. The most common methods of excitations are flames
and plasmas. If the sample is solid, it can be dissolved in solvent for analyzing.
4. The detector over here is the device which converts spectral radiation into
electrical signal that is transmitted to a recording device called a recorder.
Atomization Sources:
Advantages
- cheap
Disadvantage
- not high enough temperature to extend to many other elements
b) Plasma (inductively coupled plasma - ICP)
- plasma electrically conducting gaseous mixture (cations & electrons)
- temperature much higher than flame
- possibility of doing multiple element analysis
40-50 elements in 5 minutes
Advantages
- uniform response
- multi-element analysis, rapid
- precision & accuracy (0.3 3%)
- few inter-element interferences
- can use with gas, liquid or solids sample
1. Molekul tereksitasi karena pancaran dari sinar UV atau sumber eksitasi lain
2. Sinar melewati filter eksitasi (monokromator) untuk menyeleksi panjang
geombang, hanya panjang gelombang spesifik yang mampu melewati.
3. Sinar dari filter diteruskan dan mengeksitasi sampel. Emisi cahaya
melewati filter emisi. Sinar emisi ditangkap oleh detektor (photomultiplier
tube), dirubah menjadi energi listrik dan menghasilkan spektrum
fluoresense.
Components of AFS :
1.Light Source: The lamp or light source provides the energy that excites the
compound of interest by emitting light. Light sources include xenon lamps, high
pressure mercury vapor lamps, xenon-mercury arc lamps, lasers, and LEDs.
Lamps emit a broad range of light; more wavelengths than those required to
excite the compound. Lasers and LEDs emit more specific wavelengths.
Xenon lamps are very versatile and powerful, providing light output from
190-1200 nm.
Mercury vapor lamps are usually more intense than xenon lamps, but the
intensity is concentrated in wavelengths of the Hg spectrum.
Lasers. Convenient and inexpensive tunable lasers
LED. Offer higher efficiencies
2.Excitation Filter: The excitation filter is used to screen out the wavelengths of
light not absorbed by the compound being measured. This filter allows a selected
band of light energy to pass through and excite the sample; it blocks other
wavelengths, especially those in the emission spectrum.
3.Sample Cell/Cuvette: The sample cell or cuvette holds the sample of interest.
The cuvette material must allow the compound's absorption and emission light
energy to pass through.
4. Emission Filter : allowing primarily wavelengths of light specific to the
compound to pass through.
Kerugian Fluoroscence: