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 H I S T O - Tissue or a Web
L O G Y - study
It observe the conditions of cells and tissues
under DISEASE-FREE condition.
Pathology observe the changes : by the
DISEASE PROCESS.

HISTOLOGY
 It is one of the tools in the medical
toolbox for diagnosis of diseases.
Some diseases can only be seen
through cellular or molecular concept.

IMPORTANCE
1. Light Source
2. Lenses
3. Objectives
4. Center the specimen
5. Coarse adjustment knob
6. Fine adjustment knob
7. Light intensity

MICROSCOPE
1. Always wipe the microscope with gauze
dump with XYLENE or OH
2. Wipe the lenses with LENSE PAPER ONLY!
3. Always put the light intensity to the
lowest power.
4. Cover the microscope with plastic.

MICROSCOPE
1. Always keep the stage dry and clean.
2. After using , the LPO should be in position
and the CAK should be moved down until
it stops.
3. The box must contain anti-fungal chips.
4. Inside the box, there should be a light to
prevent the growth of fungi.

MICROSCOPE
 Light Microscope (LM)
Electron Microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
Methods for localizing cellular structures in tissue sections using unique
enzymatic
activity present in those structures.
Immunohistochemistry
A tissue section that one believes contains the protein of interest is
incubated in a
solution containing an antibody.

TOOLS AND METHO

 Light Microscope (LM)
Electron Microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
Methods for localizing cellular structures in tissue sections using
unique enzymatic
activity present in those structures.
Immunohistochemistry
A tissue section that one believes contains the protein of interest is
incubated in a
solution containing an antibody.

TOOLS AND METHO

FIXATION
Maintenance of tissue architecture by cross
linking proteins and inhibiting autolysis.
(Fixative: Formaldehyde)

PREPARATION OF TISSUES FOR

STUDY
DEHYDRATION
to remove all the water because the paraffin
(embedding medium) is immiscible in water.
(Dehydrating agent: Alcohol)

PREPARATION OF TISSUES FOR

STUDY
CLEARING
involves in the removing the Alcohol and
replacing it with a chemical that is miscible
in both alcohol and paraffin. (Clearing agent:
Xylene)

PREPARATION OF TISSUES FOR

STUDY
EMBEDDING
it is done to obtain thin sections with the
microtome. (Embedding Medium: Paraffin
Wax)

PREPARATION OF TISSUES FOR

STUDY
TRIMMING
a process in which excess paraffin is
removed from the block to expose the tissue
to be cut by the microtome.

PREPARATION OF TISSUES FOR

STUDY
SECTIONING
involves using a machine called a microtome
that cutes sections very thinly in the form of
ribbons.

PREPARATION OF TISSUES FOR

STUDY
MOUNTING
the thin sections obtained from the
microtome are mounted upon glass slides.

PREPARATION OF TISSUES FOR

STUDY
STAINING
tissues should be stain before microscopic
studies because tissues are colorless.
The most common stain in Histology are
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E).
Hematoxylin BASIC Dye; it colors ACIDIC
Components giving a BLUISH TINT.
Eosin ACIDIC Dye; it colors BASIC Components
giving a PINKISH TINT.
PREPARATION OF TISSUES FOR
STUDY
 Van Gieson Method: Collagen
Trichrome Method: Three color system to emphasize
support fibers.
Silver Method: Chemical Reduction
Periodic Acid Schiff(PAS): carbohydrates
Alcian Blue Method: Acid Mucin Secretion
May-Grunwald-Giemsa Method: blood and Bone-
marrow
Myelin Method: demonstrate normal myelin.

COMMONLY USED STAIN

 E S
A N
P L
 TANGENTIAL PLANES
LONGITUDINAL

CROSS-SECTION
OR
TRANSVERSE

TANGENTIAL PLANES
 L L
C E
CELL MEMBRANE
MITOCHONDRIA
RIBOSOMES
RER
SER
GOLGI COMPLEX/APPARATUS
GOLGI COMPLEX PROCESS
LYSOSOME
PEROXISOME
MICROFILAMENTS
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
MICROTUBULES
CYTOINCLUSSIONS
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
NUCLEOLUS
CILIA
MICROVILLI
CENTROSOME
 UE
SS
T I
CELLS>TISSUE>ORGAN>SYSTEM>O
RGANISM

LEVELS OF CELLULAR
ORGANIZATION
 EPITHELIAL Covers or lines surfaces
CONNECTIVE bind and support body
parts
MUSCLE for movement
NERVOUS detects changes and
transmit information

MAJOR TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELL

 According to the number of cell layers
Morphology or structure of the surface
of the cells

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM
 BASEMENT MEMBRANE
Thin, non-cellular region that separates the
epithelium from the underlying connective
tissue.
SIMPLE single layer
STRATIFIED numerous cells
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED single layer
attach to a basement membrane, but
not all reach the surface.
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM
Cell Layers
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
 E
SU
IS
T
R
LA
U
D
N
LA
G
UNBRANCHED SIMPLE TUBULAR
EXOCRINE GLANDS
SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR
EXOCRINE GLANDS
COILED TUBULAR EXOCRINE
GLAND
COMPOUND ACINAR EXOCRINE
GLAND
COMPOUND TUBULOACINAR
EXOCRINE GLAND
ENDROCRINE GLAND: PANCREATIC
ISLETS
ENDROCRINE AND EXOCRINE
PANCREAS
 W -3
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