UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

FACULTAD DE INGENIERA CIVIL

SECCIN DE POST GRADO

DISEO DE MUROS DE CONTENCIN

Dr. Jorge E. Alva Hurtado

 MUROS DE CONTENCIN

USO DE MUROS DE CONTENCIN

CLASIFICACIN

DISEO DE MUROS DE CONTENCIN

Informacin General
Condiciones de Terreno
Cargas

DISEO DE MUROS DE GRAVEDAD

DISEO DE MUROS CANTILEVER

DISEO DE MUROS CON CONTRAFUERTES

ESTABILIDAD DE MUROS DE CONTENCIN

DRENAJE
 INTRODUCCIN

Los muros de contencin son estructuras que proporcionan

estabilidad al terreno natural u otro material cuando se modifica su
talud natural. Se utiliza como soporte de rellenos, productos
mineros y agua.

Los tipos de muros de contencin son:

Gravedad, utiliza su propio peso para estabilidad

Cantilever, de concreto reforzado, utiliza la accin de

cantilever, para retener el suelo

Contrafuerte, similar a cantilever, pero cuando el muro es

alto o existen altas presiones de tierra. El
contrafuerte est sujeto a tensin
 Apoyado, similar a contrafuerte, con apoyo en la
parte delantera, trabaja a compresin

Entramado, constituido por elementos prefabricados de

concreto, metal o madera

Semigravedad, muros intermedios entre gravedad y cantilever

Los estribos de puentes son muros de contencin con alas de

extensin para sostener el relleno y proteger la erosin

Los muros de contencin deben ser diseados para resistir el

volteo, deslizamiento y ser adecuados estructuralmente.
La terminologa utilizada es:

Relleno

Cuerpo

Base o cimentacin

Pie de base

Taln de base

Llave

Inclinacin de muro
 Keys

(a)

Approach siab

Approach
fill

Optional
(b) (e) piles
(f)

Stretcher Headers

Face of wall
Counterforts
Note : Cells to be
filled with soil

(c) (d)

Figure 12-1 Types of retaining walls. (a) gravity walls of stone masonry, brick or plain concrete. Weight provides
overturning and sliding stability; (b) cantilever wall; (c) counterfort, or buttressed wall. If backfill covers
counterforts, the wall is termed a counterfort; (d) crib wall; (e) semigravity wall (small amount of steel reinforcement
 Cut
Cut
Fill
Fill

(a)

Cut
Fill

(b)

Water

Water
(e)

(c)l
(d)

High water
level

(f) (g)

Figure 3.22 Common use of retaining wall : (a) Hill side roads
(b) Elevated and depressed roads, (c) Load scaping
(d) Canals and locks (e) Erosin protection (f) Flood
walls
 Backfill

Front
face

Backface

Batter
Key between successive
concrete pours for high
walls

Key
Stem

Toe
Heel

Base, base slab or footing

Figure 12-2 Principal terms used with retaining

walls.
DIMENSIONAMIENTO DE MUROS DE CONTENCIN

El diseo se inicia con la seleccin de dimensiones tentativas, las

cuales se analizan por requerimientos de estabilidad y estructurales,
revisndose luego las dimensiones. Este un proceso de iteraciones
sucesivas, que se optimiza mediante programas de cmputo.

Muros Cantilever

Muros con Contrafuertes

Muros de Gravedad
 200 mm minimum
(300 mm preferable)

Minimum batter
1

H
48

B/3
H/12 to H/10

Below frost depth

and seasonal
volume change
B = 0.4 to 0.7 H

Figure 12-3 Tentative design dimensions for a cantilever retaining

wall
 200-300 mm

48 min
H
to 12
14
H H

H
-0 .6
0.3
B=
0.4
0 2
.7 0
H
0

m
m

m
i
n
i
Figure 12-4 Tentative design dimensions for a counterfort retaining wall.
m
u
Depth of base should be adequate for frost and below soils
m
which undergo volume change. This wall may not be economical
unless H 6 to 7 m.
 0.30 m to H/12

Minimum
batter
Slope

change

1:48 to reduce
concrete
H
D to D
H/8 to H/6

D
May be 0.5 to 0.7 H
s
loped

(
a
)
Figure 12-5 (a)Tentative dimensions for a gravity retaining wall; (b)
broken-back retaining wall.
 R

H
R

H
Figure 12-6 Pressure diagram for very rigid retaining walls. If some
o

lateral movement can take place the resultant R can be

placed at 1/3 point; with no movement place R at
point. Note use of Ko, not Ka.
 ESTABILIDAD DE MUROS

Se debe proporcionar un adecuado factor de seguridad contra el

deslizamiento. El empuje pasivo delante del muro puede omitirse si
ocurrir socavacin.
Se puede utilizar llaves en la cimentacin para aumentar la
estabilidad . La mejor localizacin es en el taln.

suma de fuerzas resistentes

FSs = suma de fuerzas actuantes 1.5-2.0

suma de momentos resistentes

FSv = suma de momentos actuantes 1.5-2.0
 d
a

W
s

Pa =
H2 Ka
Ph P
v

be removed Ph = Pa cos
H

1 Hp Kp = Pp B W c = weight of concrete of entire wall system

W
c

e
2
Fr

This soil may Ph

P
Figure 12-7 Forces involved in the sliding stability of a retaining
wall. v

P
 Vertical stem steel

Run some of the stem steel

through base into key when
key is located here
Ph
Hp L L

L

P
L
Friction and
(a)
cohesion This may happen
2
(b)

Pp = Hp Kp

Possible passive
soil failure

b located here
Pp a

Heel
key
Figure 12-8 Stability against sliding using a base key . (a) Base key near
stem so that stem steel
Possible may
slip along this be run into the key; but (b) the
inclined plane
sliding surface(c)may develop as shown here where little aid is
gained from using the key; (c) heel key which presents two
possible modes of failure (passive and slip along the
plane).
 a, meters
0.61
1.22

1.83
400 read horizontally to b = 2.10 37.2
Example: = 30 ka = 0.33

H = 6; take (a+b) = 0.5H = 3

HEnter
kg chart b 2 3
a= + with H kg = 132
b2
and

a= 0.9 These dimensions may )

be used for the first trial. 67 m
3. )
2
2 '( 7
m
1 .6
= ' (3
4 (m+b) 2 4b (m+b) )
12 5
m
= 0
b 3.

H2ka, m2
)
0 '( 5
m
m=1 1 3.
0
= '( )
m=2 b 0 m
3000 1 4 27.9
= 2.
4
b ( )
8' 4m
= .4
b (2
= 8'
b )
83m )
(1. m
= 6 ' ( 1. 83
b =6 ' )
b . 2 2m
1
= 4' (
b
200 18.6
2 2 m)
( 1 .
4'
b=

1000 9.3 m

Fig. 3.29 Chart for determining approximate dimension Ha and b for the base
slab,
so that the resultant will fall inside the middle third (Bowles,
 12

Q= W

10 p

pp o
B
Depthof key = B t an e
8 .
. Q/p = 2 and e = 18.5
RATIO Q/P

Example: B = 3 m; Q = 2
Also check Pp which may yield a

= 7.25 ton; Q = 20
=1
0
.
=1
5
= Depth of key 3.75 tan 18.5 = 1.25
6 20
= m
25
=3
0
be
lower SF and = 35critical.

=4
0
4

Fig. 3.34 Chart to find the depth of heel key for a sliding factor of safety
of
0
1.5.1Curves
5 not valid
10 for15= 0 (Bowles,
20 1968) 30
25
ANGLE OF HEEL KEY
 FUERZAS EN EL MURO DE CONTENCIN

Para los muros de gravedad y cantilever se toman por ancho

unitario. Para muros de contrafuerte se considera como unidad entre
juntas o como unidad entre apoyos.


Ws v a
= angle of wall friction W P =P
c

sin Pv = Pa sin (90- + )
P
Ph = Pa cos (90- + ) P =P Pa
Wc h a


cos a
If small
a

P 90 -

neglect

V = W c + Pv V = W c + W s + Pv
Figure 12-9 Forces
(a)
on a gravity wall (a) Coulomb
b)
analysis; (b) Rankine
analysis


Ws
Wc Wc

H Pa Pa
Hw

H 3 Pa cos

Hw
qheel
3
M

it is in q

soil (weight of concrete

Df
M2 Df component of Pa
V
q heel

qtoe (b)

Figure 12-10 Forces eon cantilever wall.

Sometimes (a) Entire unit; free bodies for; (b)
omitted
stem; V = W + W + P sin
s c a

(c) toe; (d) heel.

(a) Note that M1 + M2 + M3 0.0.
Included because

Omit c Df qs = (average height of


h
q hKa
=
cos

Q= o
qdh M=
h
Qdh h

V
M Q M
1 (a)
M q1= average height of
Df
soil x + D ( )
q qt q Df qs b qh
c S f

x q = qh +D sx - q1

q = qt x- sx - q1 Heel: Q qdx
=
o
o

(b)
M= Qdx

M= Qdx

Figure 12-11 Cantilever retaining wall. (a) Stem shear and moments; (b) toe and
heel shears and moments.
 Treat the toe as a cantilever H
beam loaded with the indicated
pressure diagram. (Same
solution as for the cantilever
retaining wall).

ip
it str
un q= H

ip
it s tr
un

l s
tri Equivalent beam
p

Treat as a + 1/10 -1/10

+ 1/12 +1/10
-1/12 1/10
+1/12 1/12 TopBottom
cantilever

Kl l l l
l2
cantilever moment equal q
If it is desired that the Use Counterforts
for top strips of stem with an average q on

moments take kl= 0.41l

interior counterfort q10 a unit strip
Use for strips near the bottom of stem because
l2 of fixity of stem to base
q
Use 12 for all strips in the heel. Use an average net q
l2 for the heel pressure; consider both H and the
10
u
p
w
Figure 12-12 Reduction of the complex
a analysis of a counterfort retaining wall
r
to a system of simpled beams for rapid design.
a
c
 H/4

H/2
q = HKa

H/4

H
H/4

H/4
H/4

H/4
q/2 q/2 q
q q/2 q/2

for
Usepositive moment
this pressure diagram negative
Use moment
this diagram for

computations computations
(a)

l l l l
l
0
.
Unit 4
1

l M=
M= M= M=

(b)

Figure 12-13 Computation of bending moments in the horizontal direction for

the counterfort stem [After Huntington (1957)]
 H/4

In this zone
M 0

Assum
eM=
const.
H/2
H
H
M
+M = 4

-M = 0.03 qHl

H/4
V = 0.2 qH

q = HKa

(a)

+M
Ste
Counterfort m Counterfort

-
M

l/3 l/3

l/3

(
b)

Figure 12-14 Distribution of vertical moments in a counterfort wall stem for

Huntingtons procedure. (a) Distribution of shear and moment
vertically in stem; values should only be used if H/l 2; (b)

distribution of moment horizontally in stem. Asume that both

positive and negative moments vary linearly as shown.


Ws

1
Pa = 2 H2 Ka
H

H/3

2 7 Pb = area of pressure diagram

(2-3-6-7)

6 (3-4-5-6)
Pb = area of pressure diagram
3

c 4
D Mt

b
5

qf

W cb = c bDc W' = w' b

w' = 3
b2
qs = The increase in heel
p
wall
r
qb = qf e Note that w' is parabolic but may be
b
s
s
b u
q'b =
r
e
q = w + qs + qb + q'b
dconstant and uniformly distributed
u
e
qnet = qs + q'b + qb +w - qf to the toe moment is:
consider.
2.4 Mt 2

be sufficiently accurate to neglect these pressures.

W s + W cb q
b Mt = toe moment value at front face of

Pb sin
Figure 12-15 Forces
on the heel slab of a counterfort wall as proposed by
Huntington (1957)
approximated as a uniform pressure w"

P'b sin

b w" = W'/b

q
 CAPACIDAD PORTANTE ADMISIBLE

Se utiliza un adecuado factor de seguridad con la carga ltima, FS = 2.0

para suelo granular y FS=3.0 para suelo cohesivo

qult = cNc dc ic + q Nq dq iq + 1 BN d i

2
i = factor de inclinacin V = fuerza vertical

d = factor de profundidad Componente horizontal de Pa

B' = B - 2e

q = V Vec
(e L/6)
A I
qa
 ASENTAMIENTOS

Los asentamientos en terreno granular se desarrollan durante la

construccin del muro y el relleno.

Los asentamientos en terreno cohesivo se desarrollan con la teora de

consolidacin.

La resultante debe mantenerse en el tercio central para mantener

asentamiento uniforme y reducir la inclinacin. La presin del terreno en
el pie es el doble cuando la excentricidad de la resultante es L/6 como
cuando la excentricidad es cero.
 INCLINACIN

Se necesita cierta inclinacin para desarrollar el estado activo.

Demasiada inclinacin puede estar asociada a la falla de cimentacin.

 Pa Backfill

W backfill

Excessive toe
settlement

(a)
Underlying strata of compresible material as
clay or peat

(b)

Figure 12-16 Settlement failures. (a) Excessive forward tilt due to a high toe
pressure; (b) excesive settlement and tilt due to backfill. The
latter is a common potential problem at bridge abutments
caused by the approach fill

Wall tilts back

Soil bulges here
Segment rotates

h
Soft material with
low shear strength

Figure 12-17 Soil shear failure. May be analyzed by the Swedish-circle method. A
shallow failure occurs when base soil fails. A deep failure
occurs if the poor soil stratum is underlying a better soil as in the
figure.
DISEO DE MUROS DE GRAVEDAD Y SEMIGRAVEDAD

- El primer paso es seleccionar las dimensiones

- Se calcula la presin lateral

- Se calcula la estabilidad del muro, sin considerar el empuje pasivo

FSv

FSs

- Se localiza la resultante en la base y la excentricidad

- Se calcula la presin actuante

- Se verifica los esfuerzos de corte y flexin en el pie

- Se verifica el esfuerzo de traccin a la mitad de la altura



Pc

b b'

Compression

Tension (Possible)

B' On olny Ph
V = horizontal plane
1.1 f ' as bb'
12 B'
the shear stress (V) ls:
e'
c
c

fc = 1 0.45 f =e
t 1 1.6 f
Tension c'
Compression
f c' c'
Q 6e

Q 6e
12 B' B'
Figure 12-18 Design of a gravity
retaining
wall with critical points
indicated. 12 B'

B'

Q = sum of all the vertical loads

 JUNTAS EN MUROS

Juntas de Construccin

Juntas de Contraccin

Juntas de Expansin
 Keys used to tie
two pours together
or to increase
shear between
base and stem

No key use:
surface base and
is cleaned
roughened.
provides Steel
a dded shear

joint
Expansion so crack formation
Contraction is controlled
joints: Weakened planes

Fig. 12-19 Expansion and contraction

joints
 Expansion Joint

0.411 0.411

Fig. 3.45 Expansion joints in counterfort

walls
 DRENAJE

Lloraderos

Drenes longitudinales

Relleno granular
 Backfill with free draining soil

Granular material of size to

avoid plugging weepholes

Weepholes should be
10 cm or larger to avoid
plugging Note that the
discharge is on to the
toe where the
pressure soil
is largest. Drain pipe covered with Cut hole in
granular material.
counterfort if required.

If weepholes are used with a counterfortweephole

wall at least onebe located between counterforts.
should

Fig. 12-20 Drainage of retaining walls

Fig. 3.47 Back drain
(a) (b)

Fig. 3.48 (a) Inclined drain (b) Horizontal drain

ALAS DE ESTRIBO Y MUROS DE CONTENCIN DE
ALTURA VARIABLE

ALA MONOLITCA, la junta debe disearse por corte, traccin y

momento

Q=P cos cos - Pab

ww

2
T = Pww sen

M= P L
ww w

2
 Beams

Seat

w
L

l
al
w
g
in
W

P
ww
Joint

Abutment

Backfill
Figure 12-21 Brigde abutment and wing-wall earth pressure and methods of
construction. Monolithic

Pab
 DISEO DE UN MURO CON CONTRAFUERTES

El diseo es similar al del muro en cantilever. Un diseo aproximado

sera:

1) Dividir el cuerpo en varias zonas horizontales para obtener los

momentos de flexin longitudinales. Use estos momentos para
determinar el acero de refuerzo horizontal.

2) Dividir el cuerpo en varias franjas verticales, calcule los

momentos verticales de flexin y el corte en la base del cuerpo
y verifique el espesor del cuerpo por corte. Considere puntos de
corte para el acero vertical
3) Dividir la losa del taln en varias franjas longitudinales y use los
diagramas de presin y las ecuaciones de momento para
obtener los momentos de flexin longitudinales. Use estos
momentos para determinar el acero longitudinal de refuerzo en
la losa.

4) Tratar la losa de cimentacin como cantilever y determine el

corte en la cara posterior del cuerpo y el momento flector.
Revise el espesor de la base si necesita refuerzo de corte. Use
el momento de flexin para calcular el acero de refuerzo
requerido perpendicular a la losa-taln.

5) Tratar el pie de la losa de cimentacin de forma idntica a un

muro en cantilever.
6) Analizar los contrafuertes. Ellos llevan un corte de Q de
c

Qtotal = 0.5 q LH por cada espaciamiento

Q' = 0.2 q LH corte en la base del muro

Qc = 0.5 (0.5 q LH 0.2 q LH) = 0.15 q LH

= corte lateral del muro llenado por contrafuerte
 Tension
c.g.s.
Pressure diagram

Wall
Qc

Counterfort
y
c.g.s.

qh
arm
Tension

Figure 12-22 Structural design of counterfort wall.

c y = AMake thickness to contain
s fy (arm)

adequate cover.
 C

L CL /// fixed
S X,Y rot = 0

Y-rotations = 0
Counterfort

W
all
X

T
y
Figure 12-23 Tipycal layout for using mat program p
to solve a plate fixed on
three edges. Note use of closer grid ispacing at edges to better
develop plate curvature. c
a
l

g
r
i
 Counterfort

A Counterfort
main
reinforcing
Face wall B Horizontal
B const. Face of
Joint for high wall
face of wall U-ties.

Counterfort

Main reinforcing in
wall

Pipe sleave or opening in

counter fort for
drain pipe
Main reinforcing in Main reinforcing in
Weep holes

Dowls.

Fig. 3.38 Typicial reinforcement

A
for a counterfort retaining
wall
 ALTURA DEL MURO: H
NUMERO DE ESTRATOS: N
DATOS RELLENO , c, ,
SOBRECARGA:
W
SUELO BASE: , cb,
b b
DIMENSIONES TENTATIVAS
ESCOGER METODO
DE ANALISIS OTROS: f'C : , Pe, Nf

CALCULO DEESTATICO
EMPUJE Empuje Total (Est.
DISEO DISEO SISMICO Calc.+ Sism.)

MONONOBE-
OKABE PRAKASH-
SARAN
RANKINE COULOMB CULMANN

Dimensionamiento de Pantalla
Peralte minimo por corte

Clculo de empuje (sobre estructural) y

Momento de Volteo

Clculo de Fuerzas
y
Aumenta longitud
Momentos

Estabilizantes

de la base

FSDFSD 1.5 / Eh
= Sumh

NO

FSV = Mi/Me

NO

FIG. 1 DIAGRAMA DE
FSDFLUJO-

1.5 PROGRAMA CANT-UNI
 1 2 3

Esfuerzos en la base:
Smax, Smin

Capacidad ltima y Capacidad

admisible del suelo

qa Smax
NO

Capacidad ltima y Capacidad

admisible del suelo

Diseo de la pantalla
Refuerzo Principal y secun- Aumenta altura de la
dario grfico para determinar zapata
Altura de corte de fierro

Diseo de la zapata. Verifi-

Cacin por corte y
momentos

NO
Vma

x > Vact

Vmax > Vact

N
O

SI Variar
de Presin

P
rdida

n taln
 0.25 m
w = 2 Ton / m2

1 = 32
H1 = 2.0 m. c1 = 0
2 = 28
H2 = 2.5 m. 1 = 1.70 T / m3
c2= 1 T / m
6.0 m 2

= 1.80 T / m3
1.5 m 2
= 20
2
H3 = 1.5 m. cb = 2.5 T /
3.90 m
m2

0.50 2 = 1.9 T / m3

13 m

= 20
2
cb = 2.5 T / m2

2 = 1.9 T / m3

Figura 2
5.0 m

0.20 m

= 10