Roberto M. Macatuggal, Ph.D.

Director
Office of Research, Planning and Development
University of La Salette
Santiago City, Isabela
 Guide mentors in the formulation of the Research
Agenda of the school
Equip mentors with the basic skills on the what
and how of research
Explain the essential parts of a research report
Create mentors interest in undertaking their own
researches
 Derived from the word Cerchier which means to
seek or to search + re meaning again
Research (Encyclopedia of Social Sciences) is the
manipulation of things, concepts, or symbols for
the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or
verify knowledge,
 Research is a systematic search for pertinent
information on a specific topic or problem
 Efficient process
Results are specific
Results are generalizable
Results are interpretable
 Expert opinion
Sensory experience
Agreement with others
Reasoning
Common sense
Research
 General formation of the problem
Review of formal knowledge about the problem
Preliminary observation of the problem area
Development or selection of systematic ideas
(theory) for use in problem analysis and the
development of proposed answers (hypothesis)
to the questions posed by the problem
Effort to verify the hypothesis empirically
Formulation of conclusions
 Knowledge yes/no, true/false,fill-in-the
blanks, multiple choice, matching type,
enumeration, definition, identification,
essay/explanation
Attitude agree/disagree, believe/disbelieve,
interesting / uninteresting, like/dislike,
happy/sad,satisfied/dissatisfied,
pleased/displeased, favor/against
Skill Doing it correctly, Doing it fast
Practice Buying, Using, Displaying
 Questionnaire dichotomous, multiple-choice
type, open-ended questions
Interview same type as questionnaire
Focus Group Discussion
Observation
Documentary analysis
 ROLE OF RESEARCH AND EXTENSION IN SCHOOL
AND COMMUNITY

RESEARCH

SCHOOL KAP, THEORIES,

COMMUNITY
APPLICATIONS, ETC.

EXTENSION
 Expressed needs of Administration,Faculty,
Students
Expressed needs of the Community
Gaps between targets and accomplishments in
Plans
Research agenda of Government Organizations,
Non-government Organizations, Development
Agencies, Funding Organizations/Institutions
 Administration, faculty, support staff, students
Community leaders, residents
Political leaders
Implementors of development projects
Funding agencies
 Accomplishment reports
Research gaps
Published sources
Research agenda
Development thrusts/priorities
 Drawn from the VMGO of the institution
Addresses both institutional and community
needs
Developmental
Attainable within the prescribed time frame
Logistically supported
Has the commitment and support of the
Administration, faculty, non-teaching personnel,
students, and the community
 Idea-generating phase
Problem definition phase
Procedures-design phase
Data collection phase
Data analysis phase
Interpretation phase
Communication phase
 A good title should be short but includes the cause and
effect variables which are central to the study.
A sample title may be A Study of the Effect of Training
on Performance
 A problem is stated differently from an
objective, although these are closely related.
A problem is stated in question form while an
objective is stated in declarative form.
Example of a problem: Was the research
training effective in increasing the students
knowledge in research?
Example of an objective: To find out whether
the research training was effective in
increasing the students knowledge in
research.
Hypotheses are tentative answers to research problems or
research objectives. These are statements of belief of
the researcher on why he/she carried out the project.
Types of hypotheses: Hypothesis of difference, Hypothesis
of relationship
1. Null Hypothesis: H0
There is no significant difference in the teaching
performance of a LET and a non-LET passer.
There is no significant relationship between training
and performance.
2. Alternative Hypothesis: H1
There is a significant difference in the teaching
performance of a LET and a non-LET passer.
There is a significant relationship between training
and performance.
 Related Literature Foreign, Local
Related Studies Foreign, Local
Synthesis
 Campbell Style (makes use of footnotes)
Example: An unknown teacher keeps the watch along
the borders of darkness and leads the attack on the
trenches of ignorance and folly. Patient in his/her duty,
he quickens the indolent, encourages the eager and
steadies the unstable. He/she communicates his/her
own joy in learning and shares with boys and girls the
best treasures of his/her mind. He/she lights many
candles which in later years will shine back to cheer
him/her. This is his/her reward. 1
------------------------
1Henry Van Dyke cited by Cesar V. Gallanta, Handbook for
Teachers (Dagupan City: Mendoza Printing Press, 1953).
Note: Same format in the bibliography.
 Campbell Style (makes use of footnotes)
Example: An unknown teacher keeps the watch along the
borders of darkness and leads the attack on the trenches of
ignorance and folly. Patient in his/her duty, he quickens the
indolent, encourages the eager and steadies the unstable.
He/she communicates his/her own joy in learning and
shares with boys and girls the best treasures of his/her
mind. He/she lights many candles which in later years will
shine back to cheer him/her. This is his/her reward. 1
------------------------

1Henry Van Dyke cited by Cesar V. Gallanta, Handbook for

Teachers (Dagupan City: Mendoza Printing Press, 1953).
Note: Same format in the bibliography.
 According to Henry Van Dyke, an unknown teacher keeps
the watch along the borders of darkness and leads the
attack on the trenches of ignorance and folly. Patient in
his/her duty, he/she quickens the indolent, encourages the
eager and steadies the unstable. He/she communicates
his/her own joy in learning and shares with boys and girls
the best treasures of his/her mind. He/she lights many
candles which in later years will shine back to cheer
him/her. This is his/her reward. (Callanta, 1953).

Bibliographical entry:
Callanta, Cesar V. (1953). Handbook for Teachers. Dagupan
City: Mendoza Printing Press.
 Based on who undertakes a research: academic, research project
Based on final use or application: pure/theoretical, applied/practical
Based on methodology:
Descriptive endeavors to describe systematically, factually, accurately
and objectively a situation, problem or phenomenon. It seeks to describe
what is.
Correlational probes the significance of relationship between two or
more factors or characteristics.
Explanatory clarifies why and how a relationship exists between two or
more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
Exploratory probes or explores areas where little is known about the
research problem. Feasibility and pilot studies fall under this type of
research.
Experimental probes into the cause of an effect by exposing one or
more experimental groups to one or more treatments or conditions.
Ex-post facto / causal comparative research when a researcher
wishes to analyze the possible effect of a factor which cannot be
manipulated and controlled. Example: A guidance counselor who is after
singling out the variables associated with failing marks in some college
course, or a biology student who is interested in determining the incidence of
lung cancer among heavy smokers.
Historical the researcher attempts to reconstruct the past objectively
and accurately or to explain an incident that happened in the past with the
use of data from the past.
Ethnographic the researcher is concerned with explaining or describing
a phenomenon holistically , with the use of multiple data collection
techniques.

Method of Research
Locale of the Study
Population
Sample
Data Gathering Instruments
Data Gathering Procedures
Treatment of Data
 Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
 Convenience sampling
Snowball sampling
Quota sampling
 Scales of data: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
Basic statistical treatment frequency and
percentage, ranking, mean, standard deviation
 Types of Statistical Tests
One-Sample: t-test, Z-test
Two-Sample: t-test, Z-test for independent
samples
t-test for matched/dependent
samples
More than Two Samples: Analysis of Variance

Non-Parametric Tests: Binomial Formula, Sign

Test, Chi- square, Kruskall-Wallis Analysis of Variance
Correlation: Pearson, Spearman, Point-Biserial, Biserial,
Kendalls Coefficient of Concordance
 Follow the arrangement of the problems
Use simple present tense of the verb
Use a combination of textual, graphical, and tabular
presentations
 Do not use the pronoun I in the
discussion, instead use the researcher(s)
Do not use contractions such as
dont,doesnt
 Use past tense
The summary should be culled from the
significant findings
 The conclusions must flow from the findings
The recommendations must flow from the
conclusions
 Chapter 1 The Problem and Its Background
Introduction, Theoretical/Conceptual Framework,
Statement of the Problem, Hypothesis (if any),
Significance of the Study, Scope and Delimitations,
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and
Studies

Related literature, Related studies,

synthesis
Chapter 3 Method and Procedures of
the Study
Locale, Population, Sample, Sampling
Procedure, Data Gathering Instruments, Data
Gathering Procedure, Treatment of Data
 Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusions, and
Recommendations
 Introduction
Background of the Study
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis (if any)
Importance of the Study
 Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Appendices