Mobile Health

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 Abstract

M-health in a term or abbreviation that is for mobile health. Following the huge
number of population that is continuously up ticking, mobile health has been a
significant remedy to the health sector. This is because it has devolved the
responsibility and work of health officers and personnel to the phones of their
clients and patients.
This topic considers the review of problems, failures and any evidence that has
arisen from the HIM practices. The impact of business strategies on the concept
of leadership and management and how these practices have affected the mobile
health sector, a discussion of the impact , effect of economics and other issues.
A study of statistical models that was used in the health care to gather and
analyze data and in turn give discussions on the statistical models that was used
in this research (Chib, van Velthoven & Car 2015).
This topic discusses the contributions, failures, projects and effects of mobile
health to nations
 Introduction

ICT (information communication technology) relates and influence the mobile

health in different ways.
The mobile health sector has been impacted by business strategies through the
concept of leadership and management.
An analysis of statistical models that was used in the health care to gather and
analyze data was sampling.
The mobile health has assisted many patients including the economically
disadvantaged ones.
 Overview of Findings from the fifteen studies

The establishment and emergence of mobile Health are occurring in many

States rather than strategic implementation through experimentation with
the technology in some health settings and areas.
In addition, the survey that was conducted positioned the acceptance of
top of the mobile Health initiatives that were ranging from health calls
which was placed first to health call support systems which were position
14.
Top 6 hindrances that are a barrier to the implementation of m-health had
a relation to the need for more and intensive information and knowledge
like the assessment of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the
mobile health applications.
The evaluation of those activities by the Member States has been noted to
be very low at (12%) despite the rate of m-Health activities up ticking in
other respective states.
 Overview of Findings from the Fifteen
Studies Cont'd

Citizen privacy and the security of data are the regions that required policy and
legal concern that will make individual data mobile Health users' is covered.
The Member States will further progress in the implementation of the Mobile
Health facility only if sharing of the global ICT architecture levels and grades is
done.
The Many States around the world have reported up to six available m-Health
programs in each and every nation.
Architecture of M-Health Services

The network connects users with the web servers, hence relevant data must be
available. For the services to be efficient, web servers must be fed with data,
health records, and more importantly, one must be connected through a phone.
 Review of success issues and Failure
Motivation

M- Health offers an opportunity for people living in remote areas to get health
facilities by allowing their participation in the medical value matrix that is essential
for analyzing the impact this initiative has to the entire demographic population
which may not be possible in the past. The graph below shows the types of
participation.
 Review of success issues and Failure
Motivation Cont'd

Mobile health is one of the aspects of electronic health or e-health that has
enhanced and facilitated the pushing of limits.
The motivation that catapulted to the development of the mobile health facility
arose from two factors, the myriad constraints which felt that the health care
systems of developing nations.
The effect of business plans based on concepts of leadership and management
and how these practices affect your chosen topic is very relevant to the mobile
health sector. Thus business strategies have gone a long way to ensuring that
mobile health is not sabotaged in any means.
 Impact of Business Strategies on the Leadership Concept

The effect of business plans based on concepts of leadership and management and
how these practices affect your chosen topic is very relevant to the mobile health
sector.
The ICT business fraternity has assisted in a big way to ensure that this facility has
been made to succeed (Sanou, 2012).
Business strategies have gone a long way to ensuring that mobile health is not
sabotaged in any means.
 Economics, Ethics and Business Standards

Since this is a business that has a lot of customers subscribed to it, inflating the
standard charge and cost of the subscription to the mobile health by the service
providers will surely make the attainment of health services unbearable.
This is because the health care has facilitated the poor and the middle-class
income earners thus any attempt to uptick the charges will hinder people from
getting the necessary need to medical services.
Budget constraints of the population, the income level, the interest of making a
profit by the service providers and finally the equilibrium state that enables both
the service provider and the clients get a mutual benefit at equal grounds.
Therefore economics ethics and business standards have ensured a conducive
environment for the service providers as well as the mobile health subscribers.
Impact of Law in HIM and Impact of Health Policies to
Address HI needed in M-Health

Mobile health is a networked medical service that entails more than one
entity
For the mobile health project to be valid and relevant, a number of laws
have been implemented to impact on the method by with the initiative
manages its information
Availing of clients personal information and increasing of the private
information has been enabled by the law which implemented various
measures to secure the interest of the mobile health and clients as well
Health policies on health mobile concerned with the health informatics
system has enabled efficient running of the health system
Health policies therefore have ensured that the mobile health systems are
functioning well and efficiently to enable the entire population access
health services and their personal records from any point and any given
time
 Statistical used in the Healthcare

Due to of growing population and demand for the mobile health, I was not able
to interview or even gather data and analyze them from all the parts of the world
that have adopted the mobile health.
Using mobile's health data from the world bank, led to the realization that
internationally the type of cellular mobile Health projects that were frequently
reported was mobile telemedicine 49%.Also, health care telephone help lines at
59%, toll-free phone services that were emergent were at 55% and emergencies
54% (The World Bank Group, 2012).
The portable health initiatives that were least frequently reported were
surveillance 26%, health surveys 26%, raising health awareness by 23%and the
decision support systems up ticking by 19%.
 Meta-Analysis

As shown in the figure one below, in my research, I used the 215 unique mobile
health studies that were registered in the clinical trials.
The result was that 8.4% of the data were observational where n=18.
The remaining 91.6% where n=197 were interventional.40 studies that were
added were also used.
Out of the 215 studies I used, a percentage of 81.8 n=176 used the classical
randomized design. (Michael, et al. 2010).
Figure One
Figure Two
 Results and Discussion

The results of the survey indicated a strong perspective of the mobile Health more
than it had been projected to be. The Member countries recorded a numerous
initiatives of a number of m-Health which scaled to the national level (Zhiqiang,
Lingsong Hang & Cong, 2015).
In addition, health-call centers help lines are also one of the services that were
established and started to give medical assistance and advice services by the help
of well-trained health personnel through phone. Establishment of this kind of
communication is mainly aimed at managing national emergencies. It is during
the H1N1 influenza outbreak in 2009 that this program was made available
(Zhiqiang, Lingsong Hang & Cong, 2015).
Nations in high income-generating group recorded the largest percentage of
stabilized health call centers by 61%. Americas, Africa and East Mediterranean
parts recorded health-call centers that addressed specific health issues like H1N1,
HIV/AIDS, family planning, drug abuse and pandemics.
 Results and Discussion Cont'd

Analyzing the qualitative feedbacks from the nation gave additional information
where (n=22); which showed that the Region of Europe had many health call
centers that were all-purposed than all regions. The figure below show HIV
prevalence in 2009, which also relate to the adoption of health-call centers.
 Implications for further research

The act of relying on phones to request health care services has taken over the
globe. People are thus enjoying the pleasure of the technological world, which
ensures all individuals embrace a healthy lifestyle.
Nevertheless, health call centers have impacted developed countries like the
European Nations more than the developing countries like in Africa. In such case,
various factors limit the African countries from benefitting fully from the M-Health
while developing countries continue to adverse on it. Firstly, future studies should
show the multiple operations that need to be induced to develop the business
strategies, mainly on concepts of leadership and management.
Secondly, in the future studies should adequately connect economics, ethics, the
law, and also professional standards to the business.
 Implications for Further Research Cont'd

While considering health policies and procedures to address health informatics

needs in the industry, future studies should show the best plans that would match
with business. Each sector of the firm must have a policy that ensures both
patients and personnel are protected at all times. Lastly, in the future researchers,
the statistical models used in healthcare to collect and analyze data as well as
information should follow different interventions as well as demographics. For
instance, health surveys should employ age groups, races, and gender as well as
economic and social status. They should apply since using one dimension may
lead to biases. They should also integrate with the health information systems that
are government-supported to ensure the government recognizes the projects.
 Conclusion

M-health has been an important initiative which has shown its positive effects on
the entire globe. Through the initiative, the majority or the entire population
globally can receive medical assistance and service. Apparently, the resources are
limited and have been outpaced with the demand from the huge population.
Therefore, to solve the mess at the health sector, mobile health was created.
However, the topic had been of interest since it covers major issues across the
board from security, medical business, and legal, political, social and finally,
economical, which are all aspects of a health organization or department. Despite
the efforts made by other counters, some countries and continents lag behind.
M-health does not target populations for only offering medical assistance, but also
to ensure that they learn about different health care problems and find solutions
before they become severe.
 Conclusion Cont'd

As the global population continues to increase, health care industry faces

the challenge of attending to all people while ensuring efficient services.
In such case, the industry targets to invent competent interventions that
aim at helping it solve the issue of the high population that currently seeks
health care services.
 References

Chib, A., van Velthoven, M., & Car, J. (2014). mHealth Adoption in Low-
Resource Environments: A Review of the Use of Mobile Healthcare in
Developing Countries. Journal Of Health Communication, 20(1), 4-34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.864735
Lu, R., Lin, X., & Shen, X. (2013). SPOC: A Secure and Privacy-Preserving
Opportunistic Computing Framework for Mobile-Healthcare
Emergency. IEEE Transactions On Parallel And Distributed
Systems, 24(3), 614-624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2012.146
Sanou, B. (2012). Measuring the information society 2012 (1st ed.). Geneva:
International telecommunications union.
Telecommunication Union. (2013). Itu.int. Retrieved 23 May 2017, from
http://www.itu.int/ITUD/ict/publications/idi/2009/index.html
The World Bank. (2017). Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) |
Data. Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017, from
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2
 Reference Cont'd

Mechael, P., Batavia, H., Kaonga, N., Searle, S., Kwan, A., Goldberger, A., ... &
Ossman, J. (2010). Barriers and gaps affecting mHealth in low and middle
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