ALC PDH RADIO

1
ALC
Training items

1. ALC
2. SCT: network management
3. LCT: equipment configuration
4. Troubleshooting: alarms and loops
5. Propagation: one easy example of hop
calculations

2
ALC
 1
ALC
ALC is available with different IDUs, software configurable:
Low capacity: up to 4x2 E1, 4 or 16QAM

Medium capacity: up to 16x2, 4 or 16QAM

Link configuration: 1+0, 1+1 h.s.by or freq.diversity

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ALC
User interfaces
Modulation

User Interfaces Capacity [Mbit/s] 4 QAM 16 QAM

4
- 4xE1/8xE1/16xE1 8
- 10/100BaseT + NxE1 16
34

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ALC
Main features
Max capacity : 16 E1 + Ethernet traffic
IDU size: 1U high only and single board
Service channel: optional V11 contradirec. and no wayside
Loops: RF loop, IF loop and Baseband loops
ATPC range : depending on freq (20dB or 40 dB)
OSPF
Fade Margin automatic test
Internal PRBS
IDU-ODU cable: 400 meters

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ALC
 ODU with 1+1 ODU
integrated antenna

1+0 ODU

Unprotected ODU
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ALC
 ODU with separated antenna
antenna

1+0 pole mounting

waveguide
flange

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ALC
waveguide
flange
ODU with separated antenna
1+1 wall mounting

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ALC
 Configurations

1+0
H. s. by 1+1 hot stand-by
space diversity
F. div. 1+1 frequency diversity

Balanced hybrid
Unbalanced hybridPreferential switch
2+0 2+0 ring protection (AL only)

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ALC
 = FHIGH = Stand-by
1+1 hot stand-by = FLOW = Active
ODU ODU
1 1

IDU IDU

2 2
ODU ODU

Both radios, working at the same frequency, are active in Rx but only
one is active in Tx:
1 antenna Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)
Best performance for d=150 (d=distance between antennas)
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ALC
1+1 frequency diversity
ODU ODU
1 1

IDU IDU

2 2
ODU ODU
All radios, working at different frequencies, are active in Rx and Tx
1 antenna Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)

= F1HIGH = F2HIGH
= F1LOW = F2LOW
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ALC
 BTS

2+0 with Ring Protection BTS

BTS

BTS

A single IDU manages two Radio Links

Radio Links can have different capacities BSC

E1 streams can be routed:

to West side (unprotected connection)
to East side (unprotected connection) E1s towards West
to both directions (protected connection) E1s towards Est
East West with no external wiring E1s in transit
E1s in Ring Protection

ODU-W ODU-E

2+0 Fully-Protected IDU

Branch W Branch E

Switch Hitless
(Embedded Media Switch)
(AL only)
16xE1 Ports
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ALC
 Equipment composition
ALC is made up by different sub-modules housed in
two mechanical structures:
1) IDU
LIM
Controller
RIM (one per branch)

2) ODU
Radiotransceiver (RT, one per branch)

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ALC
Module functionalities
Line interfaces
Line Mux-Demux circuits, Service Mux-demux circuits
Bit insertion-extraction,
Modulator - Demodulator (digital side) LIM
Switch management Service interfaces
BER counters Management software ports
Equipment controller
Power supply
Cable interface RIM
EOC CONTROLLER
Alarm LEDs
Modulator (analog side) 330 MHz
Demodulator
User in / Alarm out facilities
(analog side) 140 MHz

Radio Power supply

Cable interface RT
IF unit
RF unit: Transmitter, Receiver 14
ALC
 Equipment
structure15
ALC
Controller

16
ALC
) LIM Tx direction

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ALC
 *FEC = Forward Error Corrector

LIM Rx direction
Example: Without BER=10-6
With BER=10-13 (+2.5 dB)

FEC *
(block code)

errors

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ALC
RIM

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ALC
 ODU

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ALC
ALC characteristics (1)
Tx power (4QAM/16QAM):
7 GHz +27 dBm / +22 dBm
15 GHz +25 dBm / +20 dBm
23 GHz +20 dBm / +15 dBm

Tx/Rxspacing:
7 GHz 154/161/168/196/245 MHz
15 GHz 420/728 MHz
23 GHz 1008/1232 MHz

Power consumption
1+0 < 30 W
1+1 < 55 W
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ALC
ALC characteristics (2)
Rx HBER thresholds (4QAM/16QAM):
- in 16x2
7 GHz -84 dBm / -80 dBm
15 GHz -83.5 dBm / -79.5 dBm
23 GHz -83 dBm / -79 dBm
- in 4x2
7 GHz -90 dBm / -86 dBm
15 GHz -89.5 dBm / -85.5 dBm
23 GHz -89 dBm / -85 dBm

Max Rx power - 20 dBm

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ALC
 2
SCT : main features
Alarm correlation
Alarm acknowledgement
Routing
Stored Routing Table
Station management
Command logger
Equipment features management
Configuration backup/restore

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ALC
Connection to the equipment

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ALC
 Login

User: SYSTEM (read & write) ; RLOM (read only)

Password: siaemicr
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Stations Equipments inside the station

lo g
tor y
His

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 Read again the
status of the User management
and time alignment Configuration
equipment upload/download
and station
management
Configuration of
the equipment
Configuration of
the connection
Log as SYSTEM an History log
equipment in monitor
management
list of commands

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 28
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Equipment menu Equipment configuration

Agent, name, time

Alarms, group by group

Alarms configuration

Test, loops, manual operations

Alarms reading (refresh)

Firmware update

Performance monitoring

Units

Automatic troubleshooting

Routing and addressing

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ALC
Properties
Equipment name

Agent, used in alarm

history and in
subnetwork wizard

Equipment time alignment

and network time
alignment

Software restart
(doesnt cut the traffic)

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Actual alarms

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Alarm configuration

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ALC
Manual operations list

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ALC
Firmware update
Firmware
Switch

Download of
the firmware

Upload of
the actual
firmware

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ALC
Download of the new firmware

Position of the file

firmware.dwl

Overwriting of old
firmware (total
dowload slow)

Download of different
sections only (fast) or
towards peripheral (radio)
Bench switch after
the download 35
ALC
Performance monitoring Start/Stop of
selected item

Quality results

Output power Show of the results

Input power of the selected item

36
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 Part number
UNITS Part number

Status

Trouble severity
Kind of trouble 37
ALC
Diagnosis

Reading the actual alarms the

Diagnosis prepares an explanation
of every trouble and the
procedures to follow to solve the
problem

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 Port addresses
All SIAE equipments, regarding SCT software and supervision, are
routers: all interfaces need an address and relevant subnet mask

Addresses can be set clicking:

1. Set values
2. Store
3. Restart
Client (always)

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ALC
 Routing
US ports and address definition with SCT

LCT PPP LCT PPP

IP address.......................... IP address..........................
Net Mask............................ Net Mask............................
PPP Baud Rate.................. PPP Baud Rate..................

PPP Radio PPP Radio

IP address.......................... IP address..........................
Net Mask............................ Net Mask............................
PPP Mode: Client PPP Mode: Client

IP Ethernet IP Ethernet
IP address.......................... IP address..........................
Net Mask............................ Net Mask............................

Remote element table Remote element table Default Gateway

Default Gateway LAN LAN

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ALC
Routing table
Type and address of
crossed port towards
Destination

Netmask and
IP address of
Destination

Type and address

of crossed port

Default destination
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ALC
Stored Routing Table
The Stored Routing Table adds routing lines, after a
Restart, to the running Routing Table of the NE.
In this way we can change Ports addresses (operation that
needs a restart) without loosing a remote NE:
1. In Stored Routing Table add the routing lines
relevant to new port addresses you are going to set
2. Set the new port addresses (the equipment restarts)
3. After the restart the equipment has new addresses and
the routing table configured already: the NE
management is still running

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ALC
Alarm correlation
Every alarm is reported with
Alarm beginning
Alarm end (gravity info is maintained)

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Alarm acknowledgement
Alarm acknowledge is available in
alarm history list: every

acknowledgement can
be managed completely
in station list: new alarm

info is highlighted by
an asterisk

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ALC
Station management
NEs connected to SCT can be assigned in
various stations using the tool :
Subnetwork Configuration Wizard

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ALC
Command logger
Cmd Logger reads the list of operations, executed by the users,
stored on the controller of the equipment.
The log, uploaded from equipment, is stored on the PC for
further consultations. Following filters are available:
Operations date
User address
User type
Operation name

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ALC
Configuration upload/download
Upload (from equipment)
From Tool menu, open the proper Template
Select Upload operation and the equipment you want to
upload information from
Save them in a file (*.cfg)

Download (to equipment)

From Tool menu, open the proper file (*.cfg)
Select Download operation and the equipment you want
to download information to

Uploaded parameters and *.cfg file are editable using

Equipment Configuration Wizard. 47
ALC
Configuration Template
Configuration template: it is relevant to equipment
radio parameters as frequency, attenuation, capacity,
thresholds,
Address configuration template: it is relevant to
management parameters as port IP addresses, routing
tables, remote elements tables, OSPF.

Both configurations are necessary during first

installation or when Controller module is substituted
with a spare one: you can use a file to download or set
every parameter manually.

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ALC
 Full backup
The whole amount of parameters (equipment
parameters, address parameters and remote element
table) can be uploaded from equipment, saved in a
file (*.bku), downloaded to equipment.

These parameters cannot be editated.

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ALC
3

LCT
for
ALC

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ALC
 Configuration

General
Bitrate
Modulation

Link ID (local only)

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 Rx Power Low thresholds

HBer,LBer, EWL
thresholds 1) General preset:
thresholds
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 2) General preset:
Rx switches

1+0

1+1

In case of no Rx

In case of Hber, Lber, EWL, first CRC correction

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If both remote radios dont receive,
on local side Tx switch is performed

3) General preset:
Tx switch
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Ethernet Setting of waiting time before Link
Loss Forwarding (010 sec.)
switch
MAC Addr. Table size

Life of info in
Packet size
MAC Addr. table

Queue assignement
depending 802.1p Emptying algorithm
of queues:
8421 WFQ
or
strictly priority

VLAN management Queue assignement

depending PTOS 55
ALC
PTOS
values
Configuration
view

Queue
selection
View filter

DinamicServiceCodePoint type 56
ALC
 VLAN 760 doesnt
transit through port 2
760

VLAN 760 exits through

port 2 untagged

VLAN 760 exits through

port 2 with tag 760

VLAN 760 exits through

port 2, with the same tag it
has at input (unmodified)

RadioPor

Port 1 Port 2 Port 3

t VLAN57
ALC
VLAN per port
LAN settings: Interface

Port status Cable:

straight or
crossed

Flow control
LAN Speed

LAN status
Port always active
LLF
status 58
ALC
LAN settings: Virtual LAN Tag added to
untagged frame if
output is tagged
VLAN properties

Disable 802.1q: no Tag filter

Fallback: if input is tagged,
Virtual LAN properties rules Untagged frame in output:
will be followed; if input tag is Unmodified, Tagged, Untagged
not present in the map or
input is untagged, Lan per
port rules will be followed
Secure: if input is tagged,
Virtual LAN properties rules
will be followed; if input tag is
not present in the map or Output ports of packets in input at LAN1
input is untagged, packets will
be dropped
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ALC
LAN settings: Priority

How to manage input priority:

- No check
- 802.1p
- IpToS
- First 802.1p then IpToS
- First IpToS then 802.1p
default Queue and default Priority
added to output if input is without
priority

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ALC
Local LAN1 Remote LAN1
4 settings:
1) LAN1Internal LOCAL
2) Internal LAN 1 LOCAL
3) Internal LAN1 REMOTE
4) LAN1 Internal REMOTE

ENABLED
ANY

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ALC
Local LAN1 Remote LAN1
Local LAN2 Remote LAN2 SEGREGATED!
Local LAN3 Remote LAN3
LAN1, LAN2, LAN3, Internal : Enabled
LAN per Port : LAN1Internal, LAN2 Internal, LAN3 Internal, InternalLAN1/2/3
Default Vid(local/remote): LAN1=1/5, LAN2=2/6, LAN3=3/7, Internal=4/8
Ingress Filtering Check: FallBack
Untagged frame Egress mode: LAN1/2/3=Untagged, Internal=Tagged
Virtual lan map
5 Vlan5
6 Vlan6
7 Vlan7

Local

Remote

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ALC
 Radio link parameters
Main parameters of the link are:
Configuration
Capacity Setting has to
For local be copied in
Modulation terminal remote terminal
Link ID
Frequency

Frequency
For both Only Configuration
Capacity local and has to be set locally (on
Modulation remote local and after on
terminal remote)
Link ID
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ALC
PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence)
Measure results and duration Alarm on Checked signal line

Sync Los events during test

Measure status
Checked signal selection
Pattern type

Tributary selection if
checked is Signal 2MBit

P.R.B.S replaces the traffic on selected channel

P.R.B.S. test is pointed out as Manual Operation (subject to timeout)

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ALC
ATPC (Automatic Tx Power Control)

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 ATPC characteristics
Maximum ATPC range: This range is limited by the
amount of fixed attenuation with
respect to the nominal TX power

Power Control Criteria: Remote terminal Received Signal

Level (RSL) and BER

ATPC speed: 30 dB/s

Purpouse: To counteract the effect of flat fading,

minimizing nodal interferences

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ALC
 IDU Installation
SCT LAN port
120ohm E1 Sub-D type PSU alarm LEDs
LCT USB connectors
connector PSU connector
Trib. 1-2-3-4 Trib. 9-10-11-12

Q3 LCT USER IN/OUT 48V1 48V2

TX RX PS1
TEST 1
2 1 2
R AL 2
Trib. 5-6-7-8 Trib. 13-14-15-16 PS2

+
- -

Manual operation /
Loop active IDU-ODU cable
SMA connectors
Tx Rx
Fuse: 3.15A (M)
TEST 1
R AL 2

Reset
Alarms Active branch (Tx / Rx) 67
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ODU installation (1)
68
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ODU installation (2)

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REF.

Volt/dBm in Rx

ODU installation (3)

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 Interconnection cable
Frequency signals:
Tx IF 330 MHz
Rx IF 140 MHz
Telemetry IDUODU 17.5 MHz
Telemetry ODUIDU 5.2 MHz

Max length (1/4 inch cable)

4/16QAM 400 m

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 Normal operating condition

Rx level on both ODU match values given by

hop calculation.
Rx level accuracy:
-40 dBm -75 dBm range 3dB
-30 dBm -40 dBm range 4dB
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Faulty condition: alarm notification
A faulty condition is pointed out by
IDU front panel LEDs:
- AL: alarms, internal or external
- TEST: manual operation active
SCT window:
- Log history area (with alarm correlation)
- Equipment view current alarms (with alarms
grouping)

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 4
ALARMS
There are two directions of alarms: Tx and Rx
Tx This line starts in LIM and arrives to output flange: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Tx chain, all the others after are due to this
Rx This line starts in output flange and arrives to LIM: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Rx chain, all the others after should be caused by this

ODU ODU
Rx
Most Significant alarm
RIM RIM
Tx
LIM LIM
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ALC
 COMMON group
Alarms not related to a specific part of the equipment but
relevant to the link.
Example:.
EOC radio alarm (relevant SCT management)
Link telemetry fail (relevant traffic, ATPC info, man op)

If both alarms are ON, the link is interrupted.

Investigation must be made on a possible condition of bad
propagation, or equipment failure

75
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 76
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 Link telemetry fail
No link between Local and Remote station. Traffic is cut.
Link telemetry is inserted in main radio frame in Bit Insertion
circuit inside LIM, and contains commands for the remote
station: switch off the radios on remote side in case of local RF
loop, Link ID, ATPC info.
Telemetry link is a connection between local and remote IDUs.
TEST - if this alarm occurs, a double IDU loop (both branches)
can be done: if this alarm disappears, local IDU is OK and the
problem is after (propagation, local radios, remote equipment).

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ALC
 Communication Radio EOC Data link

No link between Local and Remote station or wrong

port address configuration.
EOC is the channel involved in management
communication.
If EOC radio link is active:
- Traffic is OK
- Management is cut (no remote)

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 PRBS Fail
When PRBS is working and no signal is received on checked
signal, in PRBS window the field Sync Los Alarm is active
together with PRBS Fail in Current alarms window

Every ON-OFF transition

increases the field
PRBS Fail Alarm Counter

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 Communication 2Mb EOC Data link
No EOC channel is present on selected tributary in selected timeslot : wrong
port address configuration or no tributary input (LOS).
EOC is the channel involved in management communication.
If EOC 2Mb link is active:
-Management is cut
(no remote)
- If relative LOS is active,
traffic on that tributary is
cut

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 Revertive

When a branch is declared preferential,

the switch on opposite branch gives
Revertive alarm.
The return to preferential branch, when
available again, happens after Wait Time
period.

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2Mb/s G.704 (Trib.x)
Radio Fail/AIS and/or Line Fail/AIS
When management messages come via tributary
timeslot, further checks are performed on both
directions of this tributary

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ALC
 Tx Fail
When on remote side both radios dont receive, on local
side a Tx switch command is performed and Tx fail alarm
is enabled.
When this alarm is on,
check local ODU in stand by
This functionality is enabled
in LCT General Preset
The alarm remains active
until Reset is given

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ALC
 Link ID
Alarm is on if Link ID check is enabled (Link ID 0)
and remote Link ID is different from the local one.
Traffic is cut but signal is received and measured.
Output = AIS
This alarm
causes:

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ALC
LIM group
These alarms come from
External fault: tributary LOS
LIM failure:
-Multiplexer/demultiplexer failure
-Modulator/demodulator failure
Warning: modulator/demodulator
circuitry is spread into LIM and RIM
modules.
RIM or ODU alarms propagation
(seen in LIM as Baseband RX alarm)
85
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 86
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 Tributary-1 Signal loss Tx

Loss Of Signal alarm is active when a situation opposite to that

foreseen by configuration is performed on tributary interface:

No input or
or
cable disconnected

TRIB. STATUS

Tributary
connected

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ALC
 Multiplexer fail Tx

The alarm is given during multiplexing of input tributaries by

Overflow stuffing memories
Overflow is due to bad clock of one tributary (too fast: >+50ppm)
or hardware failure
In case of Multiplexer Fail the signal forwarded to the radio is
N x AIS (from all the N tributaries)

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 Branch-x Modulator Fail Tx

This alarm is active when at cable interface Tx IF

modulated signal (330 MHz) is missing or is under a
certain value; this is due to:
Modulator faulty

Cable IDU-ODU open (that produces high VSWR

value)
Traffic is cut

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ALC
 Branch-x ODU-IDU
Communication fail
This alarm occurs when on carrier used to receive
information from ODU, or remote commands from other side,
are detected:
CRC errors
Loss of frame

This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite

direction (IDUODU) and from TX or RX carriers

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ALC
 Branch-x Demodulator Fail Rx
This alarm is active when average deviation of symbol
recognition is higher of a certain level.
Every problem in constellation gives Demodulator alarm:
Problem of digital conversion of received signal from RIM
I or Q signal missing
High level of interference (bad quality but good Rx level)
No Rx IF modulated signal (140 MHz) from ODU (no Rx, ODU
faulty, IDU/ODU cable open) Branch Rx quality alarm
(software settable)
Demodulator alarm causes:
Rx quality alarms (HBER, LBER, EWL)
Rx signal alarms (BaseBand Rx)
Traffic is cut 91
ALC
 Branch-x BaseBand Rx Rx
This alarm is active when
Bit Extraction does not work (in LIM)
Demodulator does not work (in LIM)
Demodulator does not receive from RIM or ODU
BaseBand Rx causes:
Demultiplexer Fail

Traffic is cut

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 Demultiplexer Fail Rx

The alarm is given during demultiplexing by:

Frame Alignment Word not recognised (LOF - loss of frame)
Overflow destuffing memories
Overflow memories of hitless Rx switch
BaseBand Rx alarm

In case of Demultiplexer Fail, output is AIS (from all the

tributaries)

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RIM group
These alarms come from
External fault: demodulator fail alarm and
ODU alarm are generated when ODU
becomes faulty
RIM failure: PSU alarm with cable
open/short alarm or modulator/demodulator
alarms are active
Warning: modulator/demodulator circuitry is
spread into LIM and RIM modules.

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 95
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 Branch-1 Power Supply
This alarm is active when the PSU (Power Supply Unit) of one
RIM is switched off or is in failure condition
If the PSU is off, all the alarms of that RIM are activated:
this alarm causes all
Rx Branch-1 alarms
except those relevant
Radio1 (is OFF)
Analysis order is:
RT

All alarmed PSU

from now on
IDU

96
ALC
 Branch-1 Cable open/short
This alarm is active when the following situations occur:
- Cable open alarm no current through cable interface: ODU is not
supplied so situation looks like PSU alarm (Rx alarms) with cable alarm
instead PSU alarm
- Cable short alarm overcurrent/low voltage through cable interface

If both alarms are

active, 48 V source
has no enough current

Caused by high VSWR

value of damaged cable

Cable open
situation

97
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RT group
These alarms come from
External fault: Rx power low alarm is
generated because of bad propagation
or by remote terminal faulty
ODU failure: PSU fail alarm or RF
VCO alarm or RF IF alarm is activated

98
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 99
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 Branch-x IDU-ODU
Communication fail
This alarm occurs in ODU when on carrier used to receive
command from IDU, are detected:
CRC errors
Loss of frame

This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite

direction (ODUIDU) and from TX or RX carriers

100
ALC
 Branch-1 RT Radio Power Supply

This alarm is active when the Power Supply

section of the radio doesnt work properly or is in
failure condition (voltage in input out of range).
Depending voltage value, radio can work.
When the under/over voltage is too high, radio is
off and other alarms (cable open) cover this.

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ALC
 Branch 1 RT VCO fail Tx & Rx

This alarm occurs when VCO in RF unit is not able

to lock any frequencies.
Every problem in VCO causes alarms in both
directions: RF unit is not able to convert IF Tx in RF
Tx (Tx Power Low alarm) and RF Rx in IF Rx .
In this situation the alarm is active together with Tx
Power Low and all Rx alarms because RF channel
is not locked.

102
ALC
 Branch 1 RT If fail
This alarm occurs when is not present IF signal inside
ODU. There are two different IF signals but one alarm
only.
No IF Tx : the alarm is on and causes Tx Power Low
No IF Rx: the alarm is on with all Rx alarms
Rt If fail can be caused by Modulator fail (no IF Tx)
When VCO is faulty, RF unit gives a IFRX signal made
up of noise: this is enough to mantain IF fail alarm off
(but Demodulator cannot work Rx alarms).

103
ALC
 Branch 1 RT Tx Power Low Tx

This alarm occurs when Tx power is 3 dB under

standard output of ODU-RF unit.
ATPC and manual attenuation do not affect this alarm
that is due by internal failure of RF unit.
This alarm can be activated by a manual operation
also: Tx Transmitter off in Radio Branch - Settings
If both Rx Power Low and Tx Power Low are active, RF
unit inside ODU is faulty

104
ALC
 Branch 1 RT Rx Power Low Rx

This alarm occurs when Rx power is under a

defined threshold (about 10 dB under standard Rx
level)
Threshold value can be set for both branches in
range - 40 dBm- 99 dBm in LCT - General preset
The alarm Rx Power Low is a branch alarm and it is
used to drive Rx switch

105
ALC
UNIT group

This group generates alarms when one of the

units, the equipment consists of, is faulty or
does not respond to controller polling:
Unit fail
Unit is not responding
Unit is missing
Unit hardware mismatch
Unit software mismatch

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 107
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OTHER
ALARMS

108
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 Performance alarms
Every performance measure can drive the relevant alarm if threshold
is exceeded.
Threshold in sec. relevant 15 minutes alarm
Threshold in sec. relevant 24 hours alarm
Threshold in dB of Rx alarm

alarm counter reset

If 0, alarm 15 minutes
is disabled alarms severity
109
ALC
 Performance monitoring

15 min.
alarms

24 hours
alarms

m
dB
PRX < -70 dBm 5
-5
>
P RX

R = 15 minutes

110
ALC
Recorder : Prx LCT

date time dBm

111
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 Measures
Performances is a group of measures, 15 minutes by 15
minutes, day by day, recorded by the equipment itself and
downloaded on the PC (the download needs bitrate).
These measures remain active also with SCT (and PC)
disconnected.

Recorder Prx is the recording of Rx power on a log file inside

the PC: every time a new value is measured a new record is
written inside the log file with info of when (day, hour, minutes
and seconds) and how much (dBm measured).
This recording remains active until SCT is connected to the
equipment.

112
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Current Alarms

113
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 BASEBAND IDU RF
LOOP LOOP LOOP

MOD-DEMOD RF

RIM 1 ODU 1

Branch
BASEBAND AL : available loops
1
LOOP
Line side data direction:
- towards the equipment that has enabled the loop (baseband, IDU, RF)
- selectable for E1 loop
MO -E
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IM
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E1 LOOP
- only local loops
MUX-DEMUX

Radio side
LIM
LOOPS
114
ALC
 Line side Radio side

AL loop:
external PRBS

E1 loop line side : loop works with line

enabled or not
E1 loop radio side : loop works with line
enabled on local side and on remote side
Base Band, IDU, RF loop : loop works if
line used is enabled local side and on
remote side
115
ALC
loops:
internal PRBS Alarm OFF: signal is back!

E1 loop line side: it is before PRBS checking point

E1 loop radio side: loop works with line enabled on
remote side, indifferent* on local side.
Base Band, IDU, RF loop: loop works any status of
local* and remote line
__________________________________________________________ 116
ALC
* PRBS enables automatically the local side of used line
Switch modes
Auto
Preferential: operator can select which branch must be
operative without alarms.
Wait Time = time before coming back to the preferential
branch when alarms disappear. In this way the controller
doesnt switch continuously in case of fleeting alarms.
Reset = Wait Time is not respected
Full auto: both branches have same priority

Manual forcing
Operator can select which branch must be operative despite
alarms

117
ALC
Tx switch criteria
1. RIM PSU alarm Highest priority
2. Manual forcing
3. Cable short/ Cable open alarm
Modulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
Tx power low alarm
4. Rx failure on both remote radios
5. Revertive Tx lowest priority
118
ALC
Rx switch criteria
1. RIM PSU alarm Highest priority
2. Manual forcing
3. Cable short/open alarm
Base band unit failure alarm
Demodulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
High BER alarm (selectable: BER>10 -3,-4,-5)
4. Low BER alarm (selectable: BER >10 -6,-7,-8)
5. Early warning alarm (selectable: BER >10 -9,-10,-11,-12)
6. RF input low (selectable from -40dBm to -99dBm)
7. CRC pulse
8. Revertive Rx lowest priority
119
ALC
Fade margin

11 .10 .10 . 1

12 .11 .18 . 61

120
ALC
1) Fade margin : Remote link

In equipment 2 we want
to perform Fade margin
measurement

Remote terminal must be

declared as Remote link

121
ALC
2) Fade margin : summary
Input data : Expected F.M. (calculated by the customer directly,
basing on nominal output power and nominal LBER threshold)
External Atten. : all the losses between radio and antenna
(excluding Branching)
Curr. Step: four step (L1R1 , L1R2 , L2R1 , L2R2)
Real F.M. : value based on expected F.M. adjusted with real
output power, real LBER threshold (and External Atten.)
measured, and stored in the ODU, at SIAE final test departiment
Real F.M.v. : value calculated decreasing Local Output power
(1 dB step) until Remote LBER alarm is ON. This value should
be compared with declared one (Input data)

122
ALC
EQUIPMENT FEATURE
123
MANAGEMENT ALC
 5
Propagation
Free space loss (L in Km, f in GHz) A fs 92.44dB 20 Log L f

Received power PR dBm PT dBm A fs dB GT dB GR dB

L
PT PR

124
ALC
Antenna
D = antenna diameter

= wave lenght = c/f

D
= Aeff / Ageo= antenna efficiency 0,6
1
c = speed of light = 3 10 8
ms

D 2 2
Antenna gain G 10 Log
2

125
ALC
 2 n4

n2
1) Refraction
n3

1 n2
n1
Snell law: n1sen1 n2 sen 2 n1

k < 4/3 (sub-standard)

k = 4/3 (standard)
k > 4/3 (super-standard)

126
ALC
2) hgeo earth is not flat
2
L
hgeo considering geometrical visibility on
a planet with no air
R0
2
L

hgeo with k<4/3 , k=4/3 , k>4/3 considering the
k R0 troposphere refraction (previous page)

hgeo

L
R0 = 6378 km 127
ALC
3) First Fresnel zone
A nth fresnel zone gives in phase contributes to radio waves
propagation.
In order to avoid attenuation is important that first Fresnel
zone is without obstacle: to tower height calculation, must be add
the ray of biggest Fresnel zone, the first zone

L
RM
2

L
RM

128
ALC
Height of the towers
We have to consider:
earths curvature
k effect (refraction)
first Fresnel zone free

From the first we obtain hgeo , with
refraction hgeo becomes hgeo
and from the last we have to add also RM

L L 2
htower RM
hgeo
k R0 2
129
ALC
example
L = 20 km
2
L
f = 23 GHz
hgeo 0.047 km 47 m
k = 4/3 1.333 R0
R0= 6378 km
+

L
RM 8.1m
2

htower= 47m + 8.1m = 55.1m

130
ALC
 from previous page: 4QAM/16x2
Fade margin L = 20 km PT= +20 dBm
f = 23 GHz HBER - 82 dBm
A fs (dB ) 92.44 20 Log L f 92.44 53.26 145.7 dB

x = gain of antennas FM = 40dB (purpouse)

FM= PR-HBER PR= -82dBm + 40dB = -42dBm

PR dBm PT dBm A fs dB GT dB GR dB

GT+GR= 2G = PR-PT+Afs= -42dBm-20dBm+146dB=84dB

GT=GR=42dB D=60cm G=40dB D=80cm G= 42,6dB

131
ALC
Rain attenuation (f > 8GHz )

freq \ rain 25 mm/h 100 mm/h

10 GHz 0.5 dB/km 2.5 dB/km
15 GHz 1.5 dB/km 7 dB/km
20 GHz 2.1 dB/km 10 dB/km
30 GHz 4 dB/km 15 dB/km
40 GHz 6 dB/km 20 dB/km

132
ALC
 E
Rain depolarization H
vertical polar. e.m. wave
Drop weight
H

E
horizontal polar. e.m. wave
Wind
I

v
h
GHz

Drag (air resistence) 133

ALC
 Multipath
Direct ray B
A

Indirect ray

Indirect ray, depending on its phase, can increase or decrease the

power of the main stream

Two rays model

H 1 b e j ( )

Direct ray: amplitude =
Indirect ray: amplitude = b , phase delay = , time delay =
In B position, received signal has a notch every 1/ Hz with
deepness depending on b
134
ALC