Multiple choice questions 1 The diagram below shows a type of neurone found in mammals, muscle fibres. cell body. Which of the following correctly identifies the type of neurone and the direction of nerve impulse? Type of neurone | Direction of nerve impulse 4 | sensory ] towards muscle fibres B | sensory towards cell body | ¢ | motor towards muscle fibres | D | motor towards cell body | The diagram represents a transverse section through a myelinated neurone as seen under an electror microscope. / ~\ Which of the labelled structures represents the myelin sheath?Chapter &: Nervous coorcination 3. The diagrams below show the distribution of sodium and potassium ions in a section of an axor Which is ai resting potential? iA Nav ton B Nat jon outside colt concentration high outside cail concentration low positively charged negatively charged HRY | ATT (ERP) Yen | WP NIE pi BUC SEBEAS A inside cell K* ion inside cell K ion negatively charged concentration high positively charged wyacentration high a) Kon D i ion : outside cell concentration high outside cell concentration high : positively charged negatively charged ae rier ane Yee fii EM} MY CMG LULA SEMI inside coll Nev ion inside cet! Nat ion nogatively charged soncentration high positively cheraed concentration low 4 The diagram below shows a section through a cholinergic synapse. /A CORECET NON LO Ue Tou B carry Imputses to the vel! body mputses sivay from the cell bouly D synapse with the etlectos 10. Which of the following processes is responsible lar che secretion of ueeiylehotine into the synaptic clef? A eriducytosis B aciive wansport © diusion D exocytosis Structured questions Af The dicgram below shows a neurone. a i) Which type of neurone és shown jn che diugranr? ii Give « reason for your answer b Identify the structires labelled 1 te 6 © Make a copy af the diagram, Or sour copy. daw the position oF the elleetor, d_ Use an arrow to indicate the direction in which the nerve impulse travels. 195€ State the functions of the structures labelled 3. 5 and 6. f Based on your knowledge of the structure of 2 neurone, draw « labelled transverse section of the neurone across the line labelled A to B. [3 marks] [2 marks] 12 The diagram below shows an action potential. | | > € 8 8 g 5 s 5 e a) What is meant by the term ‘threshold’ as shown on the graph? {1 mark] Why were there failed initiations after the stimulus’ State the names of stages 1 to § and explain what is happening to the sodium and potassium channels in the neurone at: il ii2 ii3 wa vs (2 marks] {10 marks} Explain what takes the membrane of an axon from the resting potential to the threshold potential as an action potential approaches, [2 marks] 13 The diagram below shows a section through a cholinergic synapse between two neurones.aoe ° Name the structures labelled Tio VIM. Describe the direction of the impuise across the synapse. Give two roles of the synapse in the nervous system Describe the roles of the following in the transmission of an impulse across a synapse int the nervous system of a mammal: i structure M ii structure V structure VI What is the role of caleium ions in the passage of impulses across the synapse? Essay questions By means of an annotated diagram only, describe the structure of a myelinated sensory neurone. Describe the function of the myelin sheath, Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted along @ non-myelinated neurone. Both the nezvous and endocrine systems coordinate the transmission of information in the body of a maramal. Explain three differences between the two systems Describe how a resting potential is maiutained in @ neurone, Describe the events that lead to the generation of an action potential and the subsequent return to the resting potential in a neurone aller a stimutus is applied. Action potentials can travel along axons at speeds of 0.1-100 ins". Sugvest three factors which may inlluence their speed. Explain why there is a delay in transmi ion of an impulse across a syuiapse. Describe the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse across a synapse {you may use an annotated diagram). The transmission of impulses across # synapse may be modified in various ways, Explain the role of the synapse in the following: unidirectional transmission of an impulse summation of impulses inhibition of impulses Botufin is a neurotoxin which attaches to the presynaptic membrane and prevenis the release of acetylcholine, Suggest what effect it may have on the transmission of an impulse across the synapse. [4 marks] {L mark] marks] [6 marks] [3 marks] [5 anarks| [3 marks] (4 marks] [8 mazks] [4 marks] {6 marks] [3 marks] [2 marks} [7 marks] [6 marks] 2 markstPractice exam-style. questions: ci ‘The nervous system ay ‘Answers to all exam-style questions can be found on the accompanying CD. ‘1a Explain the difference between a neurone and a nerve. 2] Figure 6.41 is a diagram of a neurone. Figure 6.4.1 Name A, B, Cand D. [4] State the direction taken by nerve impulses in the neurone in the diagram ti) Name the neurone shown in Figure 6.4.1 and describe its role in communication within a mammal. rl d_ Explain the role of the Schwann cells, 2) 2. Neurones are organised into reflex arcs. The simplest reflex arc is a monosynaptic reflex arc that involves a sensory neurone and a motor neurone. a Make a table to show FOUR comparisons between the structure and function of sensory and motor neurones. [4] b i Thesynapse between the two neuronesis a cholinergic synapse. Explain what this means. [1] Ii Explain how this synapse ensures that impulses travel in one direction, 8] € Stimulation of the motor neurone by the sensory neurone does not always result in impulse ‘transmission. Explain why a motor neurone may not respond to stimulation by a sensory neurone, 8] The speed of nerve impulses from touch receptors in the skin is about 80ms", but from some pain receptorsit is about 1.0ms", d_ Explain what causes the difference in speed of impulses from these receptors. 2] 4a 3a. Describe how differences in the permeability of the cell surface membrane to certain ions contribute tothe resting potential of a neurone. {3} Figure 6.4.2 shows an action potential in a sensory eurone. +40 > = 2 2 axon membrane potent timeyns Figure 6.4.2 b Explain what happens to change the membrane potential: i from-65mV to +40-nV (region A) B] fi from+40mV to-65 mV (region B). BI Nerve impulses can travel in either direction in an isolated sensory neurone. Explain why impulses only travel towards the central nervous system (CNS) and not in the opposite direction. G1 Explain how sensory neurones send information about the strengths of stimuli to the CNS. [3] Describe the structure of a myelinated sensory neurone. 5] Figure 6.4.3 shows closed and open voltage-gated sodium ion channels from the cell surface membrane of aneurone nly i me VN Figure 6.4.3b_ Describe the changes that occur to the channel proteins shown in the diagram during an action potential, Bl ¢ Explain the roles in neurones of: i voltage-gated potassium ion channels [3] ii sodium potassium pumps. ei a Sensory neurones terminate in the CNS on connector neurones. Describe the structure of the synapse between the two neurones. [4] b Describe the sequence of events that occurs when an impulse arrives at the end of the sensory neurone to stimulate the connector neurone. [7] Outline the roles of synapses in the nervous system, (4) Some information about neurones from different animals is shown in the table. Animal Myelinated or Diameter/ Rate of unmyelinated pm transmission of impulses/ | ms" crab unmyelinated | 30 5 squid unmyelinated 500 25 frog myelinated 12 30 frog myelinated 14 35 cat unmyelinated 15 2 cat_—_imyelinated 20 100 a The table shows that two features influence the rate of transmission of impulses. i State the two features. ny ii Explain how each one influences the rate of transmission (4) b Suggest the likely roles of the two different types ‘of neurone in cats, as shown in thetable. [2] ¢ Explain how action potentials are propagated along a myelinated neurone. (6 ‘The following structures are found at synapses. voltage-gated calcium ion channel proteins, vesicles, mitochondria, acetylcholinesterase, chemical-gated sodium ion channel proteins Describe the function of each of these structures in the transmission of an impulse across a synapse. ho Many drugs and poisons have their effects by interacting with synapses. The table shows the properties of four compounds that act at cholinergic synapses. Module 2 Biosystems maintenance .*! Effect at cholinergic synapses Compound curare competes with acetylcholine for receptor sites and blocks them eserine competes with acetylcholine for the active site of acetylcholinesteras inhibits the enzyme that synthesises acetylcholine methylmercury nicotine activates some chemical-gated sodium ion channels b_ State and explain the effect of each compound ‘on transmission across cholinergic synapses. [8] © Anantidote for curare poisoning is to use eserine. Explain why. 83] An isolated neurone was placed into a trough containing a physiological solution resembling tissue fluid. Electrodes were placed at one end of the neurone to stimulate it. Recording electrodes were placed at the other end to record the passage of nerve impulses. a Explain why the neurone has to be kept in a fluid resembling tissue fluid, rather than water. [2] uli of different intensities were applied to the neurone and impulses recorded, The results are in the table. Stimulus Impulse or | Frequency of applied/mV not impulses/numbers* 0 none 0 10 none 0 it 30 none 0 40 none 0 | 50 yes 10 60 yes 25 0 yes.~S*«*«*«SO : 180 yes 100 | b Use the data in the table to explain how neurones encode information about the strength of stimuli Bl Suggest other ways in which the nervous system is able to transmit information about stimuli. {2] d_ Make a table to show FOUR comparisons between coordination by hormones and coordination by the nervous system. 4)