Quaid-e-Awam

University of Engineering & Lecture No.

Technology Nawabshah

Communications
Systems

An Introduction
and Overview of Radar

Engr. Abdul Khalique Junejo

(Lecturer) Department of Electrical Engineering,
QUEST.
What is radar?
Radar = radio detection and ranging
Electro-magnetic waves are sent out.

Signals (echoes) bounce back from targets

eg rain droplets.

This can show the distance, size and

velocity of the targets.

Weather radar detects echoes from water

droplets in rain clouds.

Computer software processes and maps

the data.

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RADAR- Radio Detecting And Ranging

Radar is an electromagnetic sensor for the

detection and location of reflecting objects.

RADAR is basically a means of gathering

information about the distant Objects or Targets
by sending electromagnetic waves at them
and analyze the echoes (reflected signal).

A RADAR is consisted of Transmitter , Receiver

(Duplexer) and a directional antenna, The
transmitter is capable of sending the UHF or
microwave signal through the antenna.

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Operation:
The radar radiates electromagnetic energy from an
antenna to propagate in space.
Some of the radiated energy is intercepted by a
reflecting object, usually called a target, located at a
distance from the radar.
The energy intercepted by the target is reradiated in
many directions.
Some of the reradiated (echo) energy is returned to
and received by the radar antenna.
After amplification by a receiver and with the aid of
proper signal processing, a decision is made at the
output of the receiver as to whether or not a target
echo signal is present. At that time, the target
location and possibly other information about the
target is acquired.
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 Basic Principles of RADAR

Transmitter
Antenna

Duplexer

Receiver

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Basic Parts of a Radar.

Figure 1.1 is a very elementary basic block diagram showing

the subsystems usually found in a radar.

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Basic Components of RADAR
Transmitter
The transmitter, which is shown here as a power amplifier,
generates a suitable waveform for the particular job the radar is to
perform. It might have an average power as small as milliwatts or as
large as megawatts.
(The average power is a far better indication of the capability of a
radars performance than is its peak power.) Most radars use a short
pulse waveform so that a single antenna can be used on a time-
shared basis for both transmitting and receiving.
The function of the duplexer is to allow a single antenna to be used
by protecting the sensitive receiver from burning out while the
transmitter is on and by directing the received echo signal to the
receiver rather than to the transmitter.

The antenna is the device that allows the transmitted energy to be

propagated into space and then collects the echo energy on receive.

The receiver amplifies the weak received signal to a level where its
presence can be detected. Because noise is the ultimate limitation
on the ability of a radar to make a reliable detection decision and
extract information about the target,

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Radar Antennas.
The purposes:

(1) concentrates the radiated energy on

transmit; that is, it is directive and has antenna
connects the radar to the outside world and
performs several a narrow beamwidth;
(2) collects the received echo energy from the
target;
(3) provides a measurement of the angular
direction to the target;
(4) provides spatial resolution to resolve (or
separate) targets in angle; and
(5) allows the desired volume of space to be
observed.
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AVIATION APPLICATIONS

Fixing positions of aircraft in flight.

Air traffic control.
Precision approach and landing guidance
to aircraft.
Severe weather detection.
Accurate above ground altitude
information.
Terrain mapping.

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Doppler Effect

Frequency of wave emitted by a

moving source is different that the
frequency if the object is stationary
If the object is moving toward you
the observed frequency is higher, it
is lower if the source is moving way.
The size of the frequency change
depends on how fast the source is
moving
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The Doppler Shift in Radar.
The importance of the doppler frequency shift began to be
appreciated for pulse radar shortly after World War II and
became an increasingly important factor in many radar
applications. Modern radar would be much less interesting
or useful if the doppler effect didnt exist. The doppler
frequency shift fd can be written as

where vr = v cos q is the relative velocity of the target

(relative to the radar) in m/s, v is the absolute velocity of
the target in m/s, l is the radar wavelength in m, and q is
the angle between the targets direction and the radar
beam. To an accuracy of about 3 percent, the doppler
frequency in hertz is approximately equal to vr (kt) divided
by l (m).
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 The doppler frequency shift is widely used to
separate moving targets from stationary clutter, It
should also be mentioned that the doppler shift is
the key capability of a radar that can measure
speed, as by its diligent use by traffic police for
maintaining vehicle speed limits and in other
velocity measuring applications.

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 THE RADAR EQUATION
The radar range equation (or radar equation, for short) not only
serves the very useful purpose of estimating the range of a
radar as a function of the radar characteristics, but also is quite
useful as a guide for designing a radar system. The simple form
of the radar equation may be written as

The right-hand side has been written as the product of three

factors to represent the physical processes that take place. The
first factor on the right is the power density at a distance R from
a radar that radiates a power Pt from an antenna of gain Gt. The
numerator, s, of the second factor is the radar cross section of
the target. It has the unit of area (for example, square meters)
and is a measure of the energy redirected by the target back in
the direction of the radar. The denominator of the second factor
accounts for the divergence of the echo signal on its return path
back to the radar. The product of the first two factors represents
the power per unit area returned to the radar antenna.
Note that the radarLecture
cross section
Notes of a target, s, is defined by this
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equation. The receiving
Junejo antenna of effective area Ae collects a
 If the maximum radar range, Rmax, is defined as occurring
when the received signal is equal to the minimum
detectable signal of the radar, Smin, the simple form of the
radar equation becomes

Generally, most radars use the same antenna for both

transmitting and receiving. From antenna theory, there is a
relation between the gain Gt of the antenna on transmit
and its effective area Ae on receive, which is
where is the wavelength of the radar signal.
Substituting this into Eq. 1.3 provides two other useful
forms of the radar equation (not shown here): one that
represents the antenna only by its gain and the other that
represents the antenna only by its effective area.

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APPLICATIONS OF RADAR
Military Applications:
The chief use of military radar has been for air defense
operating from land, sea, or air. It has not been practical to
perform successful air defense without radar. In air defense,
radar is used for long-range air surveillance, short-range
detection of low-altitude pop-up targets, weapon control,
missile guidance, noncooperative target recognition, and
battle damage assessment.
Remote Sensing of the Environment:
The major application in this category has been weather
observation radar such as the Nexrad system whose output
is often seen on the television weather report. There also
exist vertical-looking wind-profiler radars that determine
wind speed and direction as a function of altitude, by
detecting the very weak radar echo from the clear air.
Located around airports are the Terminal Doppler Weather
Radar (TDWR) systems Lecturethat
Notes inwarn of dangerous wind shear
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produced by the weather
Junejo effect known as the downburst,
TYPES OF RADARS
The RADAR is categorized according
to the features as :

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