Karakteristik dasar Ilmu,

tehnologi dan Ilmuan

By Prof.Dr. Osman YILMAZ

 Kempauan/skil berpikir
sebagai ilmuan

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Karakteristik Ilmu?
Jalan utama menuju pemahaman tentang A L A M
Prosesnya sistematis menuju penemuan ilmu baru/teori baru
Prose tsb melibatkan:
* Observasi dan perumusan masalah
* Mengembangkan hypothesis,
* Menguji, menguji lagi dan lagi hip tsb, dan memerlukan peer review
* Mengembangakan teori, hukum atau prinsip2.
Bermanfaat atau memiliki nilai bagi org lain ditandai dgn
saratnya+
* Keingtahuan,
* Kreatifitas
* Imajinasi,
* Sikap positif.

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 Ciri utama ilmu (ilmu
Pengetahuan)
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 Asumsi ilmu bersifat universal
adalah bahwa bahwa dapat
diterima dan dimanfaatkan
Hasil karya ilmuan dimanapundengan aturan
adalah universal yang sama.
Pengetahuan yang diperoleh
dr satu kajian (bagian suatau
kajian) bersifat aplikatif bagi
Menjadi ciri has suatu ilmu kajian lainnya.

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Ide/kesimpulan
ilmuan merupakan
dasar bagi suatu
perubahan dan
bersifat tentatif
Main features of Science
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* Ilmu hrs saip utk direvisai, dengan
terus menerus diuji atau dievaluasi.
Suatu teori mungkin saja akan
direvisi ketika telah diuji dan
diarahkan menuju pd penemuan
teori barumenggantikan teori lama.
* Jadi pada dasarnya ilmu mengoreksi
diri sendiri. Dibutuhkan plastisitas
dalam proses saintifik. Hal ini
berarti ilmu akan mendobrak
dogmatisme.
* Contoh mekanika kuantum"
menggantiukan mekanika klasik
(hukum Newton)" utk mempelajari
perilaku micro-particles (atom,
electron, dll) pd awal abat ini
sebelum mempelajati perilaku smua
partikel (micro- or macro-) yg
dijelaskan melalui mekanika klasik.
* Demikian juga saat ini jumlah
satelit matahari terus bertambah.
6
 Meskipun hasil kerja ilmuan
cenderung berubah, namun
bukian hal mudah utk
merubah produk ketika
dihasilkan dr ilmuan yg sdh
distandarisasi.
Ingat! Hipotesis belum cukup
utk mengevaluasi suatu ide,
Main features of science.

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 * Keterbatasan ilmu.
* Siapa yg bisa menjawab
pertanyaan: Apa makna
Ilmu tidak mampu kehidupan hakiki:What is
the true meaning of life?"
menjawab semua
* Atau siapa yg dapat
pertanyaan menyediakan danan utk 1
ton kristal tunggal dr karbon
(meaning a single piece of
diamond weighing 1000 kg)?
Main features of science
* Atau semua jenis kanker
dapat disembuhkan?

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Ilmu bergantung pd
bukti2 yang utuh
Main features of science.
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Ilmu terletak pd kemampuan
utk diferifikasi, dikur dgn
bukti/data yg falid, yaitu
i.e., dt yg akurat pd setiap
tahap proses saintifik
(metode ilmiah)
Bukti2 tsb dpt diperoleh dr
pengukuran dan instrument.
9
 evaluasinya
tidak
mempengaruhi Pengembangan ilmu
perasan (ilimu pengetahuan)
manusia, tdk dipengaruhi oleh
pengalaman faktor manusia mis
prasangka, biasa,
masa lalu dan harapan atau angan-
keyakinannya. angan, keyakinan
pribadi atau agamanya.

Main features of science. Mis: suka tidak suka; air

mendidih memiliki suhu;
dimanapun, kapanpun

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 Data yang logis dan kreatis
menurpakan dasar untuk
Ilmu dihasilkan dari menghasilkan ilmu
logika dan
Alasan logis: dgn menguji
kreativitas validitas dengan
mengaplikasikan pada
kriteria yg ditentukan,
Main features of science. didemonstrasikan dan
imajinasi umum.

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Science explains.
Main features of science.
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- Kemampuan utk
menujukkan hub antara
fenomena yg mormalnya
dapat diperlakukan
sebagai hal yg tdk
berhubungan
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Science Predicts.
Main features of science.
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Validasi klaim ilmuan yg
dilakukan melalui
observasi tdk cukup,
tetapi harus memiliki
kekuatan prediktif.
13
 Science is
organized into
content
disciplines and is - Ilmu merupakan koleksi dr
conducted in berbagai disiplin dengan sub
desiplinnya
various
institutions
- Atr displin berbeda satu
sama lain, tetapi semuanya
hruslah sejalan.
Main features of science.

(Contd)

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 Science is
organized into (Contd)
- Ilmu diterapkan pdScience is conducted in
content - universities,
- Industry
disciplines and is - government.
conducted in - Memotivasi pada/utk
various - Universities: production of knowledge, i.e.,
basic sciences with no immediate benefit.
institutions - Industry: "applied science" for immediate
benefit.

- Governments motivate
- universities for the advancement of science,
Main features of science. - industry, for the advancement of country.

- Today, most universities are also involved

in application of science (production and
application of technology).

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 Teknologi ilmu
alam.

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 - Technology:
aplikasi ilmu pengetahuan
utk tujuan praktis"
Introduction.
- Teknologi:
- Seumur sejarah manusia.
The nature of technology. - Alat yg berkekuatan dlm
pengembangan peradaban.

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 - Membantu merubah
dunia kita;
- perubahan" dpt
dihasilkan dengan
keuntungan yang tidak
Introduction. diharapkan sama dgn
kerugianan dan
biayanya.
The nature of technology.
Beberapa alasan
dibutuhkan utk bijak
menggunakan teknologi.

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 - Teknologi memperoleh inspirasi
Technology atau ide dr sains.
- Tumbuh maju mengakumulasi
grows on berbagai pengetahuan (know-
how).
science, and it (master-apprenticeship =
contributes to magang kerja)
- Eventually:
science. master-apprentice system
"engineering".

- Engineering = teknik/mesin:
The nature of technology. aplikasi sistematik dr ilmu
pengetahuan dlm pengembangan
dan aplikasi teknologi.

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 TAEHNOLOGI
- Engineering menggunakan
teknologi itu sendiri dan
TUMBUH DAN strategi mendesain dlm
BERKEMBANG DLM melengkapi sains
SAINS DAN - Sain membantu
BERKONTRIBUSI mengestimasi perilaku alat
sebelum di produksi secar
TERHDP SAINS massal atau mensurvei
secara langsung dan
mendukung perilaku baru.
The nature of technology.
Dgn kata lain KEMAJUAN
teknologi sangat bergantung
pd sains.

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 - Engineers and pola pikir
Engineers saintis,serta cara kerjanya sangat
mirip
menggabungkan
pengetahuan the nature of "science" and
"engineering" are very similar.
ilmiah dgn nilai
(keduanya menggunakan
praktisnya. matematika/perhitungan,
creativitas, logika, dan bukti
nyata. Keduanya membutuhkan
originalitas.
The nature of technology.
- Scientists membuat dunia dapat di
fahami, sedangkan engineers
membuatnya dapat dimanipulasi.

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 - Scientists tdk mampu
Engineers menjawab smua
permasalahan dan engineers
combine
tdk mampu mendesain solusi
scientific smua masalah.
knowledge with
practical values. - Perbedaannya hanyalah
bahwa engineers dpt
mempengaruhi atau
merubah system social lebih
The nature of technology.
mudah dibandingkan
scientists. Keputusan saintis
dapat melibatkan
masyarakat atau individu.

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 - Kesuksesan produk
teknologi berarti
kesuksesan desain.
The essence of
Kesuksesan desain
engineering is melibatka kreativitas
"design" under besar
constraints.
- Terdapat beberapa
keterbatasan pd:
- Tingkat produksi,
The nature of technology.
- Atau tingkat aplikasi,

- Atau tingkat nilai sosial

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 - absolute constrains, mis:
hukum fisika, sifat fisika dll.
The essence of
engineering is - flexible constraints , mis:
keterbatasan dlm hal
"design" under ekonomi, politik, social, etik
constraints. dll.

- Operation and
The nature of technology. maintenance costs
terjadi pd level desain.

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 Jadi, desain teknologi harus
diuji sebelum prduksi akhir,
menggunakan salah satu
The essence of dr:
engineering is Produk lengkap (Beta
versions),
"design" under
Model fisik dlm skala
constraints. kecil
Simulasi komputer
(aman dan murah)
The nature of technology.
Analisis system analog.
Pengujian komponen
secara terpisah.

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All technologies
involve control.
The nature of technology.
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Kontrol dibutuhkan utk
operasi/bekerja yg tepat.
Kontrol membuthkan:
feedback (dr sensor atau
sumber informasi lain)
Perbandingan logis dr
pengukuran data utk
instruksi atau prosedur
standar.
26
 - Saat ini mikroprosesor
dipergunakan seb unit
control.

- Komunikasi dan prosesor

All technologies cepat sangat penting dlm
system control.
involve control.
- Semua itu membutuhkan
control manusia dlm beberap
The nature of technology.
hal.Intelegensi manusia hrs
mampu utk menginterfrensi
system control utk mencegah
kesalahan ttt.

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Technologies
always have side
effects.
The nature of technology.
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- Setiap desain memiliki efek
samping.
- Bisa menguntungkan bias
merugikan (meningkatkan
proses otomatis sehingga
meningkatkan pula
pengangangguran).
- Teknologi kecil sekalipun
mungkin saja memiliki efek
samping yg kumulatif (mis:
efek refrigerator terhadap
pemanasan global).
- Sulit utk memprediksi efek
samping. Dibuthkan analisis
yg sistematik.
- Analisis resiko/efek samping,
28 mahal dan rumit.
 Fundamental
characteristics of
scientists
Ciri dasar ilmuan

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 - Scientists: laki-laki atau
perempuan yg berasal dr
semua latar belakangmen
Scientists negara atau etnis.

melakukan sains - Bekerja pd berbagai

organisasi/institusi.
sebagai aktivitas
- Bekerja sendiri atau
social sebagai kelompok ilmuan
- Tempat bekerja: kantor,
laboratorium, atau
Fundamental characteristics of lapangan.
scientists
- communicate & colaborate
with each other or other
segments of society
through special
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communication tools.
 Scientists are
responsible,
-Prinsip etika yg kuat/tegas utk
honorable and mewadahi sains utk
trustworthy mengankses kebutuhan
manusia
individuals; they
-Dlm konteks ini, mereka:
conduct science
-Berlaku responsive,
through ethical
-Tdk pernah melenceng dr
principles. akurasi,
-Mewakili kolega dlm interaksi
para ahli
Fundamental characteristics of -Transparan dlm konflik yg
scientists
memanas (lagi tren)
-Melindungi manusia, hewan
dan lingkungan
-Tertarik pd responsibility
mutual
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 Scientists not
only serve
- Scientists memiliki peran
science, but they sebagai konsultan
are also involved
mereka cenderung pd
in public affairs masyarakat itu sendiri,
as experts or pemimpin atau administrator
masyarakat.
knowledgeable
citizens melalui:

membantu utk membedakan

antara "fakta " and "opini", or
Fundamental characteristics of benar" and salah", or
scientists mungkin/probable" and
mustahil".

Perlu diingat!:
Opini mereka adalah perasaan
Albert Einstein during a
radio talk sebagai suatu kepercayaan" by
Grad 501: Graduate Research Skills 32 oleh orang awam.
 * Pemikiran kritis :
Pemikiran yg benar utuk
mencapai atau menghasilkan
Scientists think ilmu pengetahuan yg relevan
dan realibel, kesimpulanm
critically kepercayaan atau nilai.
(scientifically). * Pemikiran kritis dapat:
* Dpt menyatakan pertanyaan
yg tepat
* Memperoleh informasi yg
Fundamental characteristics of
relevan,
scientists
* Efisien dan kreatif
* Aasan logis dr suatu
informasi.
* Menuju kepada kesimpulan
terpercaya
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 Scientists think
critically
* lanjutan:
(scientifically). * focus, identify and clarify
problems and issues, and,
* try alternative ways or
Fundamental characteristics of
methods to solve them.
scientists

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 - Critical Thinking welcomes
thinkin styles like:
- rational (logical) thinking,
Scientists think - empirical thinking,
critically - skeptical thinking,
(scientifically). - pragmatic thinking,
- reflective thinking,
- creative thinking,
- comprehensible thinking,
Fundamental characteristics of
scientists
- reasonable thinking,
- quantitative thinking,
- analytical thinking,
- statistical thinking.

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 - Critical thinking rejects
thinking styles like:
- illogical thinking,
Scientists think - intuitive thinking,
critically - hopeful/wishful thinking,
(scientifically). - Authoritarian thinking,
- dogmatic thinking,
- idealistic thinking,
- absolutist thinking,
Fundamental characteristics of
scientists
- close-minded thinking,
- mystical thinking,
- emotional thinking,
- qualitative thinking etc.

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 - Berpikir kritis dpt
Scientists think dipelajari dr:
critically - Parents & teachers in
childhood
(scientifically).
- Sciense & math courses in
undergraduate education
- continuous and conscious
Fundamental characteristics of testing and evaluating your
scientists scientific practices and
keeping them within the
standards described here

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 Scientists think
critically
- Karakteritis berpikir kritis:
(scientifically).
- Empirical Thinking
- Logical Thinking
Fundamental characteristics of - Skeptical thinking
scientists

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 Scientists think
critically - Empirical Thinking, or
Empiricism :
(scientifically).
The use of empirical
(experimental) evidence
Fundamental characteristics of to make vital decisions and
scientists reach sound conclusions

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 - Logical Thinking, or
Scientists think Rationalism:
critically The Practice of Logical
(scientifically). Reasoning
- Logic allows us to reason
correctly.
Fundamental characteristics of - Logic can be learned
scientists through education
- The use of logic is not
easy.

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 - Logical logical fallacies:
false logic, falsehood and
misconceptions
Scientists think - Incorrect assumption of
cause/effect relationship
critically
- Inaccurate or distorted use of
(scientifically). the interpretation of numerical
statistical information
- Faulty analogy, comparison
carried too far, or comparison
Fundamental characteristics of of things that have nothing in
scientists common
- Stereotyping
- Ignoring the question,
digression, obfuscation to
avoid answering a question
Grad 501: Graduate Research Skills 41 - Faulty generalization
 - Skeptical thinking, or
skepticism:

Scientists think Possessing a skeptical

attitude
critically
- repeatedly and rigorously
(scientifically). examining (questioning) our
beliefs and conclusions in
order not to be trapped by
self deception or deception
Fundamental characteristics of by others.
scientists
- If the logical consequences
of the beliefs match with
objective reality, your
beliefs are reliable
knowledge.
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 - Learning and teaching:
Scientists are key concepts in the life of a
scientist.
eager to learn
- scientists update themselves
and teach by following literature
- Scientists share their
knowledge with their
Fundamental characteristics of - students,
scientists - colleagues,
- and society whenever
necessary.

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 Tools:
- scientific seminars,
conferences, and
workshops

Scientists learn - Thausands of scientific

journals...
from each other
- Peer reviewing
- formal or informal
Fundamental characteristics of
discussions:
scientists
- guard for unforseen
mistakes

- fueling effect for synergy

, new ideas & critical
thinking
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 Discussions:
Not:
fight or manifestation of
Scientists learn power,
from each other but:
a win-win process.

Fundamental characteristics of
scientists
Aim:
learning from each other

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 Scientists work - carefully designed
systematically procedures or road
maps are necessary
- no invention is all of a
Fundamental characteristics of
scientists sudden in science

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 - Originality:
Diging the universe for
exploring "unknown" or
Scientists seek "new" or "unique",
originality
- Originality in:
- tools,
Fundamental characteristics of - techniques,
scientists
- procedures developed,
- products
- the use of data
- etc.,
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 Curiosity and a
positive attitude
is the fuel of - Scientists see the
universe through
scientists questions (curiosity)
- A positive attitude is a
Fundamental characteristics of
must for productivity
scientists and effectiveness.

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 Creativity:
Creative thinking - inceases the productivity
is a powerful tool and efficiency of problem
solving
for scientists
- useful when new ideas are
needed
- encourages looking from a
Fundamental characteristics of broader perspective
scientists
- can be improved.

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 Creativity Inhibitors:

(factors that limit the use of

creative ability)
Creative thinking
is a powerful tool - attitudes "I am not creative"
or "I cannot improve my
for scientists creative ability

- Fear of
Fundamental characteristics of - questioning,
scientists
- exploring new ideas,
- making mistakes,
- experiencing failure,
- taking risks

Grad 501: Graduate Research Skills 50 (lack of self-confidence)

 Creativity Inhibitors:

Myths like:
Creative thinking - One's creative ability is
is a powerful tool set at birth and it cannot
be developed!!!!
for scientists
IT CAN BE LEARNED

Fundamental characteristics of
scientists
- some people have
creativity and others do
not !!!!!

ALL CREATIVITY STUDIES

SUGGEST OTHERWISE
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 Creativity Inhibitors:

Myths like:
Creative thinking - One's creative ability is
is a powerful tool set at birth and it cannot
be developed!!!!
for scientists
IT CAN BE LEARNED

Fundamental characteristics of
scientists
- some people have
creativity and others do
not !!!!!

ALL CREATIVITY STUDIES

SUGGEST OTHERWISE
Grad 501: Graduate Research Skills 52
 Creativity Stimulators:

Creative thinking Improve any of your

is a powerful tool - intellect,
- life experiences
for scientists - attitude toward creative
problem solving
- curiosity,
Fundamental characteristics of
scientists
- willingness to persevere,
- knowledge of and ability to
use creativity stimulators,
i.e., creative problem-
solving methods
Grad 501: Graduate Research Skills 53
 Creativity Stimulators:

- Talking things over

- Keeping an open mind
Creative thinking - Brainstorming
- Negative brainstorming
is a powerful tool - Viewing the problem from
for scientists imaginative perspectives
- Concentrating on anomalies
- Focusing on byproducts
- Interrogating (collecting evidence
Fundamental characteristics of through questioning) imaginary
scientists
experts
- Viewing the problem from the
perspective of another discipline
- Using 'the solution looking for the
problem': serendipity
Grad 501: Graduate Research Skills - Using mind maps
54
 - Scientists menghargai
Scientists have kecantikan/keindahan;
selalu dekat dgn seni
refined aesthetic
dan kesenian .
notion
- Hal ini ditunjukkan pd
beberapa universitas
yg menyediakan
Fundamental characteristics of
scientists fakultas khusu utk seni
dan sains.

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 Scientists cant
answer all Hal ini tidk memalukan.
questions yet Sains masih terus
berkembang dan
berlanjut sepanjang
Fundamental characteristics of keberadaan manusia.
scientists

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 - True scientists also have
Scientists are all human feelings as
human beings!!! much as ordinary citizens
do...
- They can also fail in in
Fundamental characteristics of their decisions, even in
scientists
their academic life.

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 Scientists are
human beings!!!

Fundamental characteristics of
scientists - Surely You're Joking, Mr.
Feynman!: Adventures of
a Curious Character

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 Scientists
melakukan
penelitian!!!

Fundamental characteristics of
scientists
- That is what the rest of
this lecture all about.

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