Heaters Exchangers Designs &

EQUIPMENT
 A 'heat exchanger' may be defined as an
equipment which transfers the energy from a hot
fluid to a cold fluid. Here, the process of heating or
cooling occurs. In heat exchangers the temperature
of each fluid changes as it passes through the
exchangers.
What are heat exchanger for?
To get the fluid streams to the right
temperature for the next process
To condense vapors
To evaporate liquids
To recover heat to use else where
To reject low grade heat
To drive a power cycle
General design of heat exchange equipment :
The design of heat exchange equipment is based on
general principles.

From mass and energy balance HT area is

calculated.

Quantities to be evaluated are U,LMTD.

Insimple devices these quantities can be calculated

accurately but in complex processing units the
evaluation may be difficult and the final design is
always a compromise based on engineering
judgment to give best overall performance.
TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS:
1.Doble pipe heat exchangers:
 Itconsists of concentric pipes with standard return
bends.
One fluid flows through inside metal pipe and the
second fluid flows through the annulus between the
outside pipe and inside pipe.
The flow directions may be either parallel or counter
fashions.
These exchangers are used when heat transfer area
required is not more than 150 sq.ft
Figure 1: a. Simple tube-within-a-tube counterflow heat exchanger.
b. Shell-and-tube heat exchanger with segmental baffles: two-
tube-passes-one-shell pass
Shell and tube heat exchanger :
The simple double pipe heat exchanger is inadequate
for large flow rates. If several double pipes are used
in parallel, the weight of metal required for the outer
tubes becomes so large.
When large areas are required we go for shell and
tube heat exchangers.
It is the most common type of heat exchanger in oil
refineries and other large chemical processes.
Shell and tube heat exchanger consists of a
shell with a bundle of tubes inside it.
One fluid flows through the tubes (the tube
side) and the other fluid flows outside the
tubes but inside the shell (the shell side).
Heat is transferred from one fluid to the other
through the tube walls, either from tube side to
shell side or vice versa.
The fluids can be either liquids or gases on
either the shell or the tube side.
 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (Single Pass)
(Condenser/Evaporation)

Compactness?
Material Weight Minimization?
Reduction of Manufacturing Cost?
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (Single Pass)
 Assembly of the Core of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

baffels

Figure 2: Heat exchanger tube bundle with baffles (courtesy of the

Aluminum Company of America)
Construction and parts:

Shell:
It is usually a cylindrical casing through which one of
the fluid flows. Shell is commonly made of carbon
steel. The minimum thickness of shell made of carbon
steel varies from 5 mm to 11 mm depending upon the
diameter.
TUBE:
The wall thickness of tubes is usually expressed in
terms of Birmingham Wire Gauge (BWG).
Standard lengths of tubes for heat exchanger
construction are 8, 12, 16 and 20 ft.
Tube sheet:
It is essentially a flat circular plate. A large
number of holes are drilled in the tube sheet
according to the pitch requirements.
Baffles: 25% cutoff baffles
The baffles are installed in the shell
1) To increase the rate of heat transfer
by increasing the velocity and
turbulence of the shell side fluid
2) It helps as structural supports for
tubes and dampers against vibration.
3) The baffles cause the fluid to flow
through shell at right angles to the
axes of the tubes (Cross flow). They
promote cross flow
 Baffle Types in
Shell-and-Tube
Heat Exchangers

Figure 4: Three types of baffles used in shell-and-tube heat

exchangers:
a. orifice baffle, b. disk-and-doughnut baffle
Figure 4: Three types of baffles used in shell-and-tube heat
exchangers:
c. segmental baffle
THANK YOU