Different Types of Groups

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What is the difference between

teaching a group or individuals?
Different contexts . . .
Mixed or Multilevel class.

What is a multilevel class?

What are different factors
to consider among
different students?
 WHAT IS A
MIXED/MULTILEVEL CLASS?

the best definition I have heard of a

mixed-level group is a class of two. If you
have two students, you have more than one
level.
Ur, P. (1991).
 Groups that have students with different levels

What are some things you

can do as a teacher when
you have students with
mixed levels?
Use different materials .
Do different tasks with the
same materials.
Ignore the problem.
Use the students (remember
what we talked about with
some grouping techniques).
 What factors should we be aware of?
- personality- language level
- learner autonomy - learning style
- age or maturity - gender
- interests - motivation
- cognitive ability - background
 What are some problems in a multilevel class?

How to teach the students and ensure learning. How to make sure that
they all learn. How to cater for different needs.
How to choose suitable material. Most of the material in the market is
geared to a single level, which is too easy for some and too difficult for
others. This can lead to learners getting bored, ceasing to pay attention,
and possibly disrupting the class.
How to cater for different interests.
What pace to use: too fast, too slow.
What level of difficulty.
How to reach individuals with different learning styles.
Ur, P. (1991). Teaching mixed-
level classes.
What are some advantages in a multilevel class?

Educational principles such as tolerance, respect and

cooperation can be developed.
Challenge for teacher of thinking of different and better
ways to teach helps teacher progress in professional ability.
Learners bring different ideas and experiences based on
their varied backgrounds to the classroom.
Learners can teach one another.
Ur, P. (1991). Teaching mixed-level
classes.
 Groups that have students with
different levels
What are some things you
can do as a teacher when
you have students with
mixed levels?
Use different materials .
Do different tasks with
the same materials.
Ignore the problem.
Use the students
(grouping techniques)
 Students who dont want to talk

If students dont want to talk, what

steps can a teacher take?
Use pairwork and groupwork.
Dont expect fluency to happen
immediately-you may need to
control their speech.
Use dictation, reading aloud, acting
out dialogues.
Use role-plays.
Its also important to remember
that some students simply dont
want to talk-this does NOT mean
What is Classroom Discipline?

With your new partners, come up with a definition,

brainstorm what things you relate to classroom
discipline.
Causes of Discipline Issues

What are some of the causes of discipline problems in the classroom?

Do you remember Maslows pyramid?

Discipline problems at home, discipline problems at school.
Boredom
Disparate level
Problems with the topic at hand or the skill
Problems with peers
Students perceptions of their role/position
Learning disabilities
Dealing with Discipline Issues
Lets look at a method I used today with my students in
regards to discipline problems Im having with them.
 Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement

Now that youve read a short text on the two types of

reinforcement, what is the difference between the two? What is
the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Common Problems of the Classroom
Student attendance is down.

Students dont participate in class - they dont raise

their hands when asked a question.

Student constantly talks out of turn.

Students wont quiet down once class starts.

Students have a tendency to continue to talk to each

other once class starts.
Common Problems of the Classroom
What other problems can you come up with?

List
Goals for Today
Learn how to define, recognize, and apply
terms to classroom situations:

Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Avoidance Learning
Escape Learning
Try and Define
Positive

Negative

Reinforce

Punish
Positive Reinforcement
The word positive in positive reinforcement DOES
NOT refer to the pleasantness of the stimulus.

It means a stimulus is added or applied to the

situation.

Any stimulus that works to increase the frequency

of a behavior it follows is a positive reinforcer,
even if it does not seem like it should be
rewarding.

http://www.intropsych.com/ch05_conditioning/positive_reinforcement.html
Positive Reinforcement
Simplified:

Behavior = Increase

Add Something to Increase Behavior

What you are adding Pleasant

As long as it increases behavior

Positive Reinforcement
A high school student helping around the
house gets to borrow the family car.

A waitress receiving high tips for her

pleasant service.
Negative Reinforcement
Occurs when a behavior is reinforced by removal
of a stimulus.

The word negative DOES NOT mean unpleasant

It means a stimulus is removed or subtracted

from the situation in order to reinforce a behavior.

http://www.intropsych.com/ch05_conditioning/negative_reinforcement.html
Negative Reinforcement
Simplified:

Behavior = Increase

Remove something to Increase Behavior

What you are taking away Unpleasant

As long as it increases behavior

Negative Reinforcement
Students who turn their work in on time
get 1 homework assignment eliminated for
every 10 that are on time.

A teacher shortens their driving time to

work by waking up an hour earlier and
missing heavy traffic.
Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement
Reinforcement is used to INCREASE a
behavior
Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement
+++++++++++++++++++ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Adding Something Removing Something

candy, stickers, treat, certificate, no homework, exemption from test

lunch, extra credit
Punishment
Punishment occurs when the desired affect
is to make a behavior less frequent.

http://www.intropsych.com/ch05_conditioning/punishment.html
Punishment
Simplified:

Behavior = Decrease

(+ or -) something to Decrease Behavior

Punishment
A person parked illegally in a handicapped
spot receives a large fine.

A child yells at their parent and gets sent

to their room.
 Basic Consequences of Behavior
Reinforcement vs. Punishment

Reinforcement Punishment

Positive Negative Positive Negative

Reinforcement Reinforcement Punishment Punishment
A stimulus is ... A stimulus is ... A stimulus is ... A stimulus is ...

Presented Removed Presented Removed

Behavior... Behavior... Behavior... Behavior...

Decreases
Increases Increases
Decreases
Try and Define
Escape

Avoid
Escape Learning
Occurs when the animal learns to perform an operant
to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus.

It is a "get me out of here" or "shut this off"

reaction, aimed at escape from pain or annoyance.

The behavior that produces escape is negatively

reinforced (reinforced by the elimination of the
unpleasant stimulus)

http://www.intropsych.com/ch05_conditioning/avoidance_and_escape_learning.html
Escape Learning
Child 1 wants Child 2s toy. Child 1 pinches
Child 2 until they give them the toy.

A cashier getting robbed hands over the

money in her register.
Avoidance Learning
Escape conditioning is converted into avoidance
conditioning by giving a signal before the aversive
stimulus starts.

If the animal receives a cue or signal that an aversive

stimulus is coming, then after one or two occurrences
of the punishing stimulus the cue will trigger an
avoidance behavior.

This kind of learning occurs quickly and is very durable.

http://www.intropsych.com/ch05_conditioning/avoidance_and_escape_learning.html
Avoidance Learning
A college student won't get into a car with a driver who
has had too much to drink

The student is aware of drunk driving statistics so they

avoid getting into the car.

A teacher sets their work to auto save every 5 minutes.

They have heard other teachers have lost work

because their computer has crashed. It is set to save
to avoid losing any work.
Escape vs. Avoidance
Escape stops during

Avoidance stops before it arrives because of

a cue
CUE
Escape Learning to Avoidance
Learning
Escape: When a kid gets spanked he
stops being disruptive.

Avoidance: When a parent raises their

hand to spank the kid stops being
disruptive.