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System PV MV
Tank Level Volume Flow in
Flow out
Reactor Composition Temperature
Pressure
Time
Flow in/out
Heat Exchanger Tout Fin
Tin
Dist Xout XA, XB
Yout T, P
Pump Flow Power
1 2
OL
CL
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KC30403
Lecture 2: Process Modelling
Why?
To present process mathematically
To simulate process- in silico
To test design, control, etc
How? Final value
What u want Reaction
etc
Components
Mathemathics
ChE Process Eqn
Pc Programming
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Refer Chapter2 Seborg
Chapter S&C
How will it all connect?
Time Domain Z Y(s)
Laplace Domain
Break
Down
Z-1
Time Domain y(t) Solve by Blocks Factorize
Outline
1. Modelling
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Modeling
What is it?
A method of relating the input of a process to its output
through a mathematical relationship that can adequately
describe the process.
Input Output
f()
Q?
How to differentiate input & output?
If Q=mCpT
or
Q=UA TLMTD
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Types of Model
1. Theoretical/ First Principles
Based on physical laws
Mass & Energy Balance
Example in ChE
Mass Balance
Energy Balance
Component Balance
This is why you learn
Fluids, Heat, Mass, Kinetics, Thermo, etc.
Positive
Very Precise/ Reliable
Wide range of applicability
Negative
Complex
Time consuming
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2. Empirical Models
Based on correlation of input & output over range of interested
& correlated with statistically verified relationship.
Ex Moody Diagram Turbulent Zone
Nux= 0.332 Pr1/3Rex1/2
Positive
Easy to use Quick
Simple
Negative
Limited to range
Scale up NOT possible
Cannot extrapolate
3. Semi Empirical
Has some theoretical base.
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Steps to Modeling
1. Decide Modelling Objectives
Accuracy
Scope/ Range/ Usage
2. Draw schematic/ block diagram & label all process variables.
3. List out all assumptions Try to make model as possible.
4. Apart from time, does model need a spatial factor (x, y, r, etc)
PDE, ODE etc
5. Write down relevant conservation equations
Mass Balance overall/ component
Energy Balance
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6. State Equilibrium relationships to other relationships Thermo,
mass transfer, kinetics, etc.
7. Perform Degree of Freedom analysis to relative right variables &
equations.
8. Simplify the model
9. Determine inputs as MV or disturbances.
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Dynamic Model Example- p27
Ti
wi
T
1. Modelling objectives- V w
Relate T to Ti , W & Q.
2. Schematic as above Q
INPUT OUTPUT
Ti , w & Q T
3. Assumptions
wi = w Flow In= Flow Out
constant volume, V
No change in Environment Temperature
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4. Only want T as a function of time as T is uniform in Tank.
No need
Energy Balance.
Accumulation = In Out + Q
as w = wi
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6. Equilibrium relationships & other relationships
Already included
7. D.O.F analysis
3 parameters V, , (constant)
4 variables Ti ,T, w & Q
1 equation Energy balance
= variables equations
Recall SLE
= 4-1 = 3 D.O.F
1output T
3input Ti
w
Q Input
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What if w wi V is variable.
Mass Balance
All varies with time
if is constant
Energy Balance
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= 6-2 =4
4-input- Q, w ? why?
- disturbance - wi,, Ti
- output T, V, Q
Solving for V & T
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